Q.41 Which of the following is/are important resources of lime?

A) Limestone, B) Shells, C) Coral

Q.42 The typical composition of granite includes

A) Quartz, B) Feldspar, C) Mica

Q.43 Which of the following best describes the hydraulic conductivity of a medium?

D) The ease with which water can flow through the soil

Q.48 The percentage of mineral composition in the Earth's crust is approximately

A) 47% Silicate, 8% Oxide, 7% Sulfide, 15% Carbonate, 23% Other

GATE Geology 2022 Exam Solutions: A Complete Guide for Aspiring Geologists

Question Paper-

GG1-2022 Download

Q.11 Which one of the following is the typical product of ductile deformation?

(A) Gouge
(B) Breccia
(C) Cataclasite
(D) Mylonite

Correct Answer: (D) Mylonite

Q.12 Which one among the following coastal erosional landforms is caused by the action of sea waves?

(A) Ventifact
(B) Kettle
(C) Cirque
(D) Cliff

Correct Answer: (D) Cliff

Q.13 In which one of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum does the maximum atmospheric scattering occur?

(A) UV
(B) IR
(C) Radiowave
(D) Microwave

Correct Answer: (A) UV

Q.14 Which one of the following is the Poisson’s ratio for an incompressible fluid?

(A) 0
(B) 0.25
(C) 1
(D) 0.5

Correct Answer: (D) 0.5

Q.15 Which among the following Period(s) belong(s) to the Paleozoic Era?

(A) Carboniferous
(B) Paleogene
(C) Silurian
(D) Cretaceous

Correct Answers: (A) Carboniferous and (C) Silurian

Q.16 The average bulk density of a fully saturated sandstone reservoir with a fractional porosity of 0.23 is ______ g/cc. [round off to 2 decimal places]

Given:

Matrix density (ρ_m) = 2.63 g/cc
Fluid density (ρ_f) = 1.05 g/cc
Porosity (φ) = 0.23

Formula:

Bulk Density (ρ_b) = (1 – φ) × ρ_m + φ × ρ_f

Calculation:

ρ_b = (1 – 0.23) × 2.63 + 0.23 × 1.05

ρ_b = 0.77 × 2.63 + 0.23 × 1.05

ρ_b = 2.0251 + 0.2415

ρ_b = 2.27 g/cc (rounded to 2 decimal places)

Correct Answer: 2.27 g/cc

Q.17 For a productive alluvial aquifer with hydraulic conductivity = 105 m/day and hydraulic gradient = 0.01, the flow rate is _________ m/day. [round off to 2 decimal places]

Given:

Hydraulic conductivity (K) = 105 m/day
Hydraulic gradient (I) = 0.01

Formula:

Flow rate (Q) = K × I

Calculation:

Q = 105 × 0.01

Q = 1.05 m/day

Correct Answer: 1.05 m/day

Q.19 How many independent elastic parameters are needed to describe a homogeneous isotropic material?

(A) 21
(B) 2
(C) 36
(D) 3

Correct Answer: (B) 2

Q.20 Which one of the following is a mafic volcanic rock?

(A) Dacite
(B) Trachyte
(C) Rhyolite
(D) Basalt

Correct Answer: (D) Basalt

Q.21 The intercepts of a crystal face on the crystallographic axes are ∞a, 2b, 3c. Which one of the following is its Miller Index?

(A) (032)
(B) (023)
(C) (203)
(D) (320)

Correct Answer: (C) (203)

Q.23 Choose the CORRECT statement(s) on seismic wave propagation in an elastic isotropic medium.

(A) P-waves are polarized in the direction of propagation.
(B) S-waves are polarized in the direction of propagation.
(C) Rayleigh waves are elliptically polarized.
(D) Love waves are elliptically polarized.

Correct Answers: (A) P-waves are polarized in the direction of propagation. (C) Rayleigh waves are elliptically polarized.

Q.24 The difference in arrival times of P- and S-waves generated by an earthquake and recorded at a seismological station is one second. Assuming a homogeneous and isotropic Earth, a P-wave velocity (V_P) of 3 km/s, the ratio of P- to S-wave velocities (V_P/V_S) of 2.0, the distance between the station and the hypocenter is ________ km. [round off to 1 decimal place]

Given:

V_P = 3 km/s
V_P/V_S = 2.0
Time difference (Δt) = 1 s

Calculating S-wave velocity (V_S):

V_S = V_P / (V_P/V_S) = 3 km/s / 2 = 1.5 km/s

Let D be the distance from the station to the hypocenter:

The arrival time difference can be expressed as:

Δt = D / V_P – D / V_S

1 = D / 3 – D / 1.5

1 = D(1/3 – 1/1.5)

1 = D(1/3 – 2/3)

1 = D(-1/3)

D = -3 km

Distance = 3 km

Correct Answer: 3.0 km

Q.25 Assuming the rate of rotation of the Earth is 7.27 × 10^-5 radians/s and the radius of Earth is 6371 km, the centrifugal acceleration at 60° latitude for a spherically rotating Earth is ______ × 10^-3 m/s². [round off to 1 decimal place]

Given:

Rate of rotation (ω) = 7.27 × 10^-5 radians/s
Radius of Earth (R) = 6371 km = 6.371 × 10⁶ m
Latitude (φ) = 60°

Formula for centrifugal acceleration (a_c):

a_c = ω² × R × cos(φ)

Calculation:

Convert φ to radians: φ = 60° = π/3 rad

a_c = (7.27 × 10^-5)² × (6.371 × 10⁶) × cos(60°)

a_c = (5.29 × 10^-9) × (6.371 × 10⁶) × (0.5)

a_c = 1.68 × 10^-2 m/s² = 16.8 × 10^-3 m/s²

Correct Answer: 16.8 × 10^-3 m/s²

Q.26 The angle of inclination of the remanent magnetization of a volcanic rock measured at a location is 45°. The magnetic latitude of the location of the volcanic rock at the time of its magnetization is _________ °N. [round off to 1 decimal place]

Given:

Inclination (I) = 45°

At magnetic equator, inclination is 0°; at poles, inclination is ±90°.

The angle of inclination can be used to determine magnetic latitude.

For an angle of inclination I, the magnetic latitude (φ_m) can be approximated as:

φ_m = I

Thus, the magnetic latitude is:

Correct Answer: 45.0 °N

Q.27 A coarse-grained igneous rock consists of 55% olivine, 25% augite and 20% enstatite. According to the IUGS classification, the rock is

(A) websterite
(B) lherzolite
(C) wehrlite
(D) harzburgite

Correct Answer: (B) lherzolite

Q.28 The rock-type used to build the walls of the Red Fort in Delhi is

(A) sandstone
(B) marble
(C) granite
(D) basalt

Correct Answer: (C) granite

Q.30 In the geological map of India, which one of the following geological units has the largest area?

(A) Vindhyan Supergroup
(B) Deccan Volcanic Province
(C) Singhbhum Granite
(D) Mesozoic rocks of Kutch

Correct Answer: (B) Deccan Volcanic Province

Q.31 Which one of the following cross-stratifications provides the paleocurrent direction on the truncated bedding surface of an undeformed cross-stratified sedimentary strata?

(A) Tabular
(B) Hummocky
(C) Trough
(D) Herringbone

Correct Answer: (C) Trough

Q.32 Which one of the following is a dinosaur?

(A) Stegodon
(B) Stegosaurus
(C) Equus
(D) Otoceras

Correct Answer: (B) Stegosaurus

Q.33 The Hoek-Brown failure envelope is typically the segment of which one of the following?

(A) Straight line
(B) Ellipse
(C) Parabola
(D) Hyperbola

Correct Answer: (D) Hyperbola

Q.34 Which one of the following is the optical spectral window suitable for remote sensing?

(A) 0.02 – 0.2 μm
(B) 0.4 – 14 μm
(C) 0.8 – 2.0 μm
(D) 0.01 – 1 m

Correct Answer: (C) 0.8 – 2.0 μm

Q.35 A radioactive nucleus `X₁₂³⁶` decays to `Y₁₁³⁶`. The number of α and β particles emitted during this decay are

(A) 12α and 1β^–
(B) 6α and 1β⁺
(C) 3α and 1β^–
(D) 3α and 1β⁺

Correct Answer: (C) 3α and 1β^–

Q.36 The silicate mineral(s) that commonly occur(s) in regionally metamorphosed siliceous dolomitic limestone is/are

(A) diopside
(B) cordierite
(C) tremolite
(D) wollastonite

Correct Answer: (B) cordierite

Q.37 Which of the natural hazard(s) listed below can be caused by Earthquakes?

(A) Tsunamis
(B) Landslides
(C) Cyclones
(D) Lightning

Correct Answer: (A) Tsunamis and (B) Landslides

Q.38 Which of the following is/are the driving force(s) behind plate motion?

(A) Slab-Pull
(B) Ridge-Push
(C) Mantle Convection
(D) Advection

Correct Answers: (A) Slab-Pull, (B) Ridge-Push, (C) Mantle Convection

Q.39 Which of the following is/are copper ore mineral(s)?

(A) Bornite
(B) Pentlandite
(C) Gahnite
(D) Covellite

Correct Answers: (A) Bornite and (D) Covellite

Q.40 Which of the following stratigraphic unit(s) of the Vindhyan Supergroup contain(s) commercially significant limestone deposit(s)?

(A) Bhander Formation
(B) Rewa Formation
(C) Kaimur Formation
(D) Rohtas Formation

Correct Answers: (B) Rewa Formation and (D) Rohtas Formation

Q.41 The strike and dip of the axial plane of a reclined fold is 022° and 28° SE, respectively. The plunge direction (in whole circle bearing) of the axis of the reclined fold is ______ degrees.

Solution:

Understanding Strike and Dip:
- The strike of the axial plane is 022°.
- The dip of the axial plane is 28° to the southeast (SE).
Finding Plunge Direction:
The plunge direction can be calculated using the formula:
```
Plunge Direction = Strike + 90° - Dip
```
Plugging in the values:
```
Plunge Direction = 022° + 90° - 28° = 084°
```

Final Answer: 058°

Q.42 If the shrinkage factor of a crude oil is 0.7, its formation volume factor is _____.

Solution:

Understanding Shrinkage Factor:
The formation volume factor (FVF) can be calculated as:
```
FVF = 1 / Shrinkage Factor
```
Calculation:
Given shrinkage factor = 0.7:
```
FVF = 1 / 0.7 ≈ 1.42857
```
Rounding Off:
Rounding to one decimal place gives:
```
Correct Answer = 1.4
```

Final Answer: 1.4

Q.43 The cross section of a river channel is approximated by a trapezium. The river has an average channel width of 40 m and average depth of 3 m. If the average flow speed is 2 m/s, the discharge rate is _________ m³/s.

Solution:

Discharge Rate Formula:
Discharge (Q) is calculated as:
```
Q = Area × Flow Speed
```
Calculating Area of the Trapezium:
For a trapezium, the area (A) can be calculated as:
```
Area = Width × Depth
```
Given width = 40 m and depth = 3 m:
```
Area = 40 m × 3 m = 120 m²
```
Calculating Discharge:
Using the flow speed (2 m/s):
```
Q = 120 m² × 2 m/s = 240 m³/s
```

Final Answer: 240 m³/s

Q.44 A mineral of uniform composition is cut into a wedge shape. The birefringence of the wedge section is 0.012. The retardation at 40 μm thickness of the wedge is _______ nm.

Solution:

Understanding Retardation:
Retardation (R) can be calculated using:
```
R = Birefringence × Thickness
```
Converting Thickness:
Convert 40 μm to nm:
```
40 μm = 40,000 nm
```
Calculation of Retardation:
Given birefringence = 0.012:
```
R = 0.012 × 40,000 nm = 480 nm
```

Final Answer: 480 nm

Q.55 Which of the following systems tract(s) indicate regression?

Options:

(A) Transgressive systems tract
(B) Falling stage systems tract
(C) Highstand systems tract
(D) Lowstand systems tract

Correct Answer: (B) Falling stage systems tract

Q.56 Which of the following sedimentary feature(s) indicate(s) sub-aerial exposure of the depositional surface?

Options:

(A) Groove cast
(B) Double mud drape
(C) Rain print
(D) Adhesion ripple

Correct Answer: (C) Rain print

Q.57 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

Options:

(A) Diatoms are algal forms.
(B) Dinoflagellates are unicellular algae.
(C) Petropods are planktic gastropods.
(D) Radiolarians are organic-walled microfossils.

Correct Answers: (A), (B), (C)

Q.58 Which among the following space groups is/are non-compatible with glide plane?

Options:

(A) Pab21
(B) Pnma
(C) P6₃/c
(D) P3c1

Correct Answer: (A) Pab21

Q.59 Which type of porphyroclast(s) listed below is/are suitable as kinematic indicators in ductile shear zones?

Options:

(A) σ – type
(B) θ – type
(C) δ – type
(D) φ – type

Correct Answer: (A) σ – type

Q.60 Which of the following parameter(s) is/are Rock Mass Rating (RMR) based on?

Options:

(A) Rock Quality Designation
(B) Uniaxial compressive strength of intact rock
(C) Groundwater conditions
(D) Rock composition

Correct Answers: (A), (B), (C)

Q.61 A sample of 10 g coal yields 1 g of moisture, 2 g of ash and 5.6 g of volatile matter.

The percentage of volatile matter content of the coal on a dry ash-free basis is calculated as follows:


Volatile Matter (VM) = (Weight of Volatile Matter) / (Weight of Sample - Weight of Ash)
                     = 5.6 g / (10 g - 2 g) × 100
                     = 5.6 g / 8 g × 100
                     = 70.0%

Answer: 70.0%

Q.62 A soil sample shows an average beta count of 6.8 counts per minute (cpm) per gram of organic carbon.

The 14C count rate from organic carbon of present-day vegetation is 15.26 cpm/g. The age of the sample can be calculated using the formula:


Age = (Half-life / ln(15.26 / 6.8)) 
    = (5370 / ln(15.26 / 6.8))
    = 5370 / ln(2.245) 
    = 5370 / 0.812
    ≈ 6607.3 years

Answer: 6607.3 years

Q.63 A digital camera with a focal length of 150 mm is flown at a height of 3000 m over a flat terrain.

The scale of the aerial photograph can be calculated using the formula:


Scale = Height / Focal Length
      = 3000 mm / 150 mm
      = 20

Answer: 1:20

Q.65 Operating costs of an open cast gold mine are Rs. 4000/tonne. The recovery at the mill is 90%.

At a gold price of Rs. 4550/g, the cutoff grade of gold calculated on the basis of operating cost can be calculated as follows:


Cutoff Grade = (Operating Cost) / (Gold Price × Recovery)
             = 4000 / (4550 × 0.9)
             = 4000 / 4095
             = 0.976 g/tonne

Answer: 0.98 g/tonne

Responses

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Q.11 Which one of the following is the typical product of ductile deformation?

Q.12 Which one among the following coastal erosional landforms is caused by the action of sea waves?

Q.13 In which one of the following regions of the electromagnetic spectrum does the maximum atmospheric scattering occur?

Q.14 Which one of the following is the Poisson’s ratio for an incompressible fluid?

Q.15 Which among the following Period(s) belong(s) to the Paleozoic Era?

Q.16 The average bulk density of a fully saturated sandstone reservoir with a fractional porosity of 0.23 is ______ g/cc. [round off to 2 decimal places]

Q.17 For a productive alluvial aquifer with hydraulic conductivity = 105 m/day and hydraulic gradient = 0.01, the flow rate is _________ m/day. [round off to 2 decimal places]

Q.19 How many independent elastic parameters are needed to describe a homogeneous isotropic material?

Q.20 Which one of the following is a mafic volcanic rock?

Q.21 The intercepts of a crystal face on the crystallographic axes are ∞a, 2b, 3c. Which one of the following is its Miller Index?

Q.23 Choose the CORRECT statement(s) on seismic wave propagation in an elastic isotropic medium.

Q.25 Assuming the rate of rotation of the Earth is 7.27 × 10-5 radians/s and the radius of Earth is 6371 km, the centrifugal acceleration at 60° latitude for a spherically rotating Earth is ______ × 10-3 m/s2. [round off to 1 decimal place]

Q.26 The angle of inclination of the remanent magnetization of a volcanic rock measured at a location is 45°. The magnetic latitude of the location of the volcanic rock at the time of its magnetization is _________ °N. [round off to 1 decimal place]

Q.27 A coarse-grained igneous rock consists of 55% olivine, 25% augite and 20% enstatite. According to the IUGS classification, the rock is

Q.28 The rock-type used to build the walls of the Red Fort in Delhi is

Q.30 In the geological map of India, which one of the following geological units has the largest area?

Q.31 Which one of the following cross-stratifications provides the paleocurrent direction on the truncated bedding surface of an undeformed cross-stratified sedimentary strata?

Q.32 Which one of the following is a dinosaur?

Q.33 The Hoek-Brown failure envelope is typically the segment of which one of the following?

Q.34 Which one of the following is the optical spectral window suitable for remote sensing?

Q.35 A radioactive nucleus X1236 decays to Y1136. The number of α and β particles emitted during this decay are

Q.36 The silicate mineral(s) that commonly occur(s) in regionally metamorphosed siliceous dolomitic limestone is/are

Q.37 Which of the natural hazard(s) listed below can be caused by Earthquakes?

Q.38 Which of the following is/are the driving force(s) behind plate motion?

Q.39 Which of the following is/are copper ore mineral(s)?

Q.40 Which of the following stratigraphic unit(s) of the Vindhyan Supergroup contain(s) commercially significant limestone deposit(s)?

Q.41 The strike and dip of the axial plane of a reclined fold is 022° and 28° SE, respectively. The plunge direction (in whole circle bearing) of the axis of the reclined fold is ______ degrees.

Q.42 If the shrinkage factor of a crude oil is 0.7, its formation volume factor is _____.

Q.43 The cross section of a river channel is approximated by a trapezium. The river has an average channel width of 40 m and average depth of 3 m. If the average flow speed is 2 m/s, the discharge rate is _________ m3/s.

Q.44 A mineral of uniform composition is cut into a wedge shape. The birefringence of the wedge section is 0.012. The retardation at 40 μm thickness of the wedge is _______ nm.

Q.55 Which of the following systems tract(s) indicate regression?

Q.56 Which of the following sedimentary feature(s) indicate(s) sub-aerial exposure of the depositional surface?

Q.57 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

Q.58 Which among the following space groups is/are non-compatible with glide plane?

Q.59 Which type of porphyroclast(s) listed below is/are suitable as kinematic indicators in ductile shear zones?

Q.60 Which of the following parameter(s) is/are Rock Mass Rating (RMR) based on?

Q.61 A sample of 10 g coal yields 1 g of moisture, 2 g of ash and 5.6 g of volatile matter.

Q.62 A soil sample shows an average beta count of 6.8 counts per minute (cpm) per gram of organic carbon.

Q.63 A digital camera with a focal length of 150 mm is flown at a height of 3000 m over a flat terrain.

Q.65 Operating costs of an open cast gold mine are Rs. 4000/tonne. The recovery at the mill is 90%.

Responses

Q.25 Assuming the rate of rotation of the Earth is 7.27 × 10^-5 radians/s and the radius of Earth is 6371 km, the centrifugal acceleration at 60° latitude for a spherically rotating Earth is ______ × 10^-3 m/s². [round off to 1 decimal place]

Q.35 A radioactive nucleus `X₁₂³⁶` decays to `Y₁₁³⁶`. The number of α and β particles emitted during this decay are

Q.43 The cross section of a river channel is approximated by a trapezium. The river has an average channel width of 40 m and average depth of 3 m. If the average flow speed is 2 m/s, the discharge rate is _________ m³/s.