Dudhwa National Park

Dudhwa National Park: Jewel of the Terai

Dudhwa National Park, nestled in the northern reaches of Uttar Pradesh, India, stands as a vital sanctuary and a prime example of the exceedingly diverse and productive Terai ecosystem.¹ This unique ecological zone, forming a narrow belt along the foothills of the Himalayas, is globally recognized for its rich biodiversity but is also among the world’s most threatened landscapes.² Dudhwa National Park represents one of the few remaining large, relatively intact remnants of this habitat, safeguarding a mosaic of tall grasslands, dense Sal forests, and intricate wetlands within the Upper Gangetic Plains.⁴ Its ecological relevance extends far beyond its boundaries, playing a crucial role in regional biodiversity conservation and hydrological stability.² The park is not merely a protected area; it is a living laboratory showcasing the dynamic interplay of geology, climate, flora, and fauna characteristic of the Gangetic plains biodiversity.

Geographically, Dudhwa National Park is situated predominantly within the Lakhimpur Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India.¹ Its precise location lies in the Terai-Bhabhar region, immediately south of the Himalayan foothills, sharing a significant border with Nepal to the north.¹ The park headquarters and primary access points are approximately 230 to 245 kilometres from Lucknow, the state capital.¹ This strategic border location underscores its importance for transboundary wildlife movement and conservation initiatives.

The establishment of Dudhwa National Park reflects a significant evolution in India’s conservation history. While forest areas came under state control as early as 1861 ¹⁴, the specific impetus for protection arose from the need to conserve the dwindling population of the Northern Swamp Deer (Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii), also known as Barasingha. An area was first declared the Sonaripur Wildlife Sanctuary in 1958 specifically for this purpose.⁶ This was subsequently expanded and renamed the Dudhwa Wildlife Sanctuary in 1968.¹⁴ Recognizing its broader ecological value, the sanctuary was elevated to the status of Dudhwa National Park following a notification in October 1975 and final establishment on February 1, 1977.² The core area of Dudhwa National Park covers 490.3 square kilometres.⁷ Further enhancing its conservation mandate, Dudhwa National Park, along with the nearby Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, was designated as the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (DTR) under the aegis of Project Tiger in 1987-88.² The Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary was later integrated into the DTR framework around 2000-2003.¹⁴ Dudhwa National Park itself is supplemented by a buffer zone of approximately 190 square kilometres.⁵ The entire Dudhwa Tiger Reserve landscape, including these core areas and extensive buffer zones incorporating parts of the North Kheri, South Kheri, and Shahjahanpur forest divisions, spans a much larger area, with estimates ranging from 1,284.3 sq km to over 2,200 sq km, reflecting the landscape approach to conservation.⁴ This historical progression, from a species-specific sanctuary to a National Park and finally a large Tiger Reserve, clearly mirrors the evolution of conservation paradigms in India, highlighting the growing recognition of the Terai’s multifaceted ecological significance and the need for landscape-scale management, particularly for wide-ranging species like the tiger.

Precisely located between 28°18’N and 28°42’N latitudes and 80°28’E and 80°57’E longitudes ², Dudhwa National Park occupies a critical position on the map. Its coordinates (often cited around 28°30.5′N 80°40.8′E) place it squarely within the Terai belt.⁵ The northern edge aligns directly with the international border with Nepal, often demarcated by the Mohana River.⁸ This contiguity with Nepalese protected areas is fundamental to its ecological identity.

Dudhwa National Park and the broader Dudhwa Tiger Reserve are integral components of the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL), a globally significant, transboundary conservation initiative stretching over 800 km from Nepal’s Bagmati River to India’s Yamuna River.² Conceptualized around 2001, the TAL connects a network of 16 protected areas across Nepal and India, aiming to maintain habitat connectivity for flagship species, particularly the Bengal Tiger.²⁷ Dudhwa National Park serves as a crucial link in this chain, connecting habitats like Nepal’s Bardia National Park and Shuklaphanta National Park to the north and India’s Pilibhit Tiger Reserve to the west.¹⁷ This landscape approach recognizes that isolated parks are often insufficient to sustain viable populations of large mammals like tigers, rhinos, and elephants, which require extensive ranges and the ability to disperse.²⁷ The park’s location straddling the Indo-Nepal border, therefore, makes transboundary cooperation not merely beneficial but essential for the long-term viability of these species, whose movements frequently disregard political boundaries.¹² The success of conservation within Dudhwa National Park is thus intrinsically linked to the management of corridors and protected areas in adjacent Nepal.

Geological and Geomorphological Features of Dudhwa National Park

The physical landscape of Dudhwa National Park is a direct product of its geological setting within the vast Indo-Gangetic plains. Specifically, it lies within the Terai-Bhabhar belt, a sub-Himalayan zone formed at the interface between the mountains and the plains.¹ The entire region is part of a massive alluvial plain, constructed over millennia by the deposition of sediments carried down from the eroding Himalayas by river systems.⁶ This process created the ‘Terai depression’, a low-lying area characterized by fine alluvial deposits and historically high water tables.² Understanding the Dudhwa National Park geology is key to understanding its unique ecosystems.

Geomorphologically, Dudhwa National Park presents a remarkably flat terrain, typical of an alluvial plain.⁴ There is a gentle, almost imperceptible slope running from the northwest to the southeast.⁴ The altitude variation across the park is minimal, ranging from approximately 182-185 metres above mean sea level in the extreme north or northwest, down to about 150 metres in the farthest southeast.⁵ The landscape lacks significant hills or undulations; the primary topographic features are the river channels themselves, their slightly elevated banks (levees), and the broad, flat interfluves or ‘doabs’ (land between two rivers, such as that between the Mohana and Suheli).⁴ These subtle variations in elevation, however, play a crucial role in drainage patterns and habitat distribution.

The Dudhwa soil and rock types reflect its alluvial origin. The dominant soils are Alluvial soils, formed from transported Himalayan parent material.³⁹ These soils are geologically young (Quaternary period), generally immature with weakly developed profiles, and porous due to their loamy texture – a balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay.⁴ Specific textures encountered within Dudhwa National Park include sandy loam on slightly better-drained sites and marsh clay in lower-lying, waterlogged areas.⁴ The park lies south of the Bhabar zone (characterized by coarse gravel and pebbles where streams often disappear underground) and firmly within the Terai zone. Terai soils are distinguished by finer sediments (silt and clay), poor drainage leading to swampy and marshy conditions, and the re-emergence of subterranean streams from the Bhabar.²

In terms of fertility, alluvial soils are renowned for their productivity, supporting vast agricultural belts across the Gangetic plains.³⁹ However, there are nuances within the Terai context. While generally fertile, Terai soils are specifically noted as being rich in nitrogen and organic matter (due to lush vegetation and slow decomposition in wet conditions) but often deficient in phosphate.³⁹ This contrasts slightly with general descriptions of alluvial soils which sometimes mention adequate phosphorus but low nitrogen.⁴⁰ This specific nutrient profile likely influences the composition of the native flora. The pH can vary, but marshy, waterlogged conditions can lead to acidic soils, while the presence of calcareous concretions (‘kankar’) in older alluvial deposits (Bhangar type terraces, potentially present on slightly higher ground) would indicate alkalinity.³⁹ The dynamic river systems also contribute newer, annually replenished alluvial deposits (Khadar type) in active floodplains, which are typically highly fertile.³⁹ This creates a mosaic of soil conditions within Dudhwa National Park.

Beneath the surface soils, the Dudhwa National Park geology consists almost entirely of deep, unconsolidated Quaternary alluvial deposits – layers of silt, sand, clay, and gravel laid down by ancient and modern rivers.¹³ There is no exposure of hard bedrock within the park boundaries. The entire geological structure is a product of relatively recent sedimentation processes linked to the Himalayan uplift and the Gangetic river system.

This geological foundation profoundly influences the park’s ecology. The flat, alluvial terrain, combined with the specific soil textures (sandy loam vs. marsh clay) and the region’s hydrology, dictates the distribution of major vegetation zones.³ Well-drained, slightly elevated areas with loamy soils typically support the dominant Sal (Shorea robusta) forests.² Conversely, lower-lying areas with heavier clay soils and poor drainage develop into the characteristic tall grasslands, marshes, and swamps (taals) that are hallmarks of the Dudhwa National Park landscape.² The entire ecosystem is shaped by floodplain dynamics. Seasonal monsoon floods inundate large areas, depositing fresh silt (contributing to Khadar soils), recharging wetlands, and maintaining the waterlogged conditions essential for the swamps and grasslands.⁶ This constant interplay of water and sediment creates a dynamic and highly productive waterlogging ecosystem, perfectly suited for species adapted to these conditions, such as the Swamp Deer and Indian Rhinoceros.⁴⁶ The causal chain is clear: Himalayan uplift drives river formation and sediment transport, creating the vast Gangetic alluvial plain and the specific Terai depression. The deposition of these sediments results in characteristic alluvial soils (loam, clay). The flat topography and monsoon climate lead to poor drainage and seasonal waterlogging. This hydrological regime, governed by the underlying geology and geomorphology, directly determines the mosaic of Sal forest on better-drained ground and grasslands/wetlands in waterlogged areas, ultimately shaping the unique habitat structure of Dudhwa National Park that supports its specialized fauna.¹

Climate and Hydrology: Shaping the Dudhwa Ecosystem

The climate of Dudhwa National Park is characteristic of the North Indian Terai region, broadly classified as a Humid Subtropical climate with distinct dry winters (often denoted by the Köppen classification CWa) or a Tropical Monsoon climate.² This climate regime is marked by significant seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation, which are the primary drivers of the park’s ecological rhythms.

Temperature fluctuations throughout the year are pronounced. The summer season, typically lasting from April through June or early July, is characterized by intense heat and high humidity.⁵⁰ Daytime temperatures frequently soar, reaching maximums of 40°C to occasionally 45°C.⁶ During mid-April and May, strong, hot westerly winds known as the ‘Loo’ sweep across the plains, adding to the harsh conditions.⁶ The monsoon season arrives around mid-June or July and persists until September.⁶ This period brings relief from the extreme heat, with cooler temperatures (ranging roughly from 21°C to 35°C) and increased windiness, often accompanied by thunderstorms.⁵⁰ The winter season, extending from mid-October to mid-March, offers the most pleasant conditions. Days are generally mild and sunny, with temperatures hovering between 20°C and 30°C, while nights become cool to chilly, with minimum temperatures dropping to around 8°C or 9°C, and average lows around 12°C.⁶

Rainfall is heavily concentrated during the monsoon months, which account for approximately 90% of the total annual precipitation.⁶ The average annual rainfall for the Dudhwa National Park region is substantial, typically recorded around 1500 mm to 1600 mm.² Prevailing winds are generally westerly, although easterly winds become more common during the monsoon period.⁶

The hydrology of Dudhwa National Park is intrinsically linked to its location on the alluvial plains and the monsoon climate. The park and the surrounding Dudhwa Tiger Reserve are crisscrossed and defined by several significant river systems.¹³ The Sharda River (also known as Mahakali upstream and along the Nepal border) is a major Himalayan river that forms the southern boundary of the Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, a key component of the DTR.⁵ The Suheli River marks the southern edge of Dudhwa National Park itself.¹ Along the northern boundary, coinciding with the Indo-Nepal border, flows the Mohana River.² Within the Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, the Gerua River is prominent.⁵ Numerous smaller streams and rivulets, such as the Ull, Joraha, Nagrol, Nakua, and Newra, further dissect the landscape, contributing to the intricate drainage network.¹³

These river systems, combined with the flat terrain and heavy monsoon rainfall, create extensive wetlands, swamps, and backwaters, which constitute a major habitat type within Dudhwa National Park.⁴ These include not only the rivers and streams but also numerous oxbow lakes (known locally as ‘taals’), marshes, and seasonal swamps.² Examples of prominent taals include Banke, Kakraha, Amaha, Bhadi, Bhadraula, and Jhadi taal.⁵ While many of these wetlands are perennial, retaining some water year-round, others may dry out during the peak hot summer months.⁶ The monsoon period sees the formation and expansion of seasonal swamps due to widespread inundation and the characteristically poor drainage of the Terai soils.¹³

This dynamic hydrology exerts a powerful influence on the park’s flora and fauna. The seasonal availability of water dictates plant growth cycles and vegetation types. For wildlife, the distribution of water sources is critical, especially during the dry season. Flooding patterns influence habitat suitability and accessibility; for instance, extensive waterlogging during the monsoon makes large areas inaccessible ⁴⁶ and may force animals like Swamp Deer to utilize adjacent woodlands or farmlands.⁴⁶ Conversely, receding waters concentrate prey for predators and create foraging opportunities for water birds. The presence of perennial water bodies provides essential refuge during dry periods. Amphibian and reptile activity cycles are closely tied to moisture and temperature regimes, with peaks often observed during and after the monsoon.¹³ Fish populations depend entirely on the riverine and wetland habitats. Migratory patterns, particularly for elephants moving between Nepal and India, are also likely influenced by seasonal water and forage availability.¹² The distinct seasonality driven by the monsoon climate directly controls the river flows, flooding extent, and wetland persistence. This hydrological cycle, in turn, governs the availability of crucial resources like water and forage, profoundly shaping the behaviour, distribution, and survival strategies of the diverse fauna inhabiting Dudhwa National Park throughout the year.⁶ Furthermore, the ecosystem’s heavy reliance on the timing and intensity of monsoon rainfall makes Dudhwa National Park potentially vulnerable. Changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change could significantly alter floodplain dynamics, wetland permanence, fire frequency, and habitat suitability, posing a long-term threat to species uniquely adapted to this Terai environment, such as the Indian Rhinoceros and the Swamp Deer.⁶

Flora of Dudhwa National Park

The botanical wealth of Dudhwa National Park is a defining feature, representing some of the last and finest examples of the natural forest and grassland ecosystems characteristic of the Terai region in the Upper Gangetic Plains.² The vegetation is predominantly classified under the North Indian Moist Deciduous type, renowned for its majestic Sal forests and extensive grasslands, creating a rich mosaic of habitats.²

Several distinct forest types contribute to the park’s vegetative diversity, reflecting variations in moisture, soil, and topography:

• North Indian Moist Deciduous Forests: This is the most widespread forest type within Dudhwa National Park, dominated by the Sal tree (Shorea robusta). These forests form a significant part of the park’s canopy.²
• Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forest (Northern): Found in patches, particularly in areas with higher moisture availability, indicating the lushness of the Terai environment.⁶
• Tropical Seasonal Swamp Forest: Occurring in association with the park’s numerous wetlands, marshes, and low-lying, waterlogged areas, these forests are adapted to periodic or prolonged inundation.⁵
• Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest: Likely present in slightly drier locations, perhaps on higher ground or in areas subject to greater disturbance, representing a transition towards less moist conditions.⁵
• Riparian Forests: Fringing the banks of rivers like the Suheli and Mohana, and other streams, these forests often contain species adapted to riverine conditions, such as Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) and Khair (Acacia catechu).⁶¹

The forests of Dudhwa National Park are characterized by several dominant tree species. Foremost among these is Sal (Shorea robusta), which forms extensive, high-quality stands. Some Sal trees within the park are reported to be ancient, exceeding 150 years in age and reaching heights of over 70 feet (21 meters), testament to the favourable growing conditions.² Associated with Sal are numerous other important tree species, including Asna (Terminalia tomentosa or T. alata), Teak (Tectona grandis – though perhaps less dominant than Sal in this specific Terai zone), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), Gular (Ficus glomerata), Khair (Acacia catechu), Mahua (Madhuca indica), Semal (Salmalia malabarica / Bombax ceiba), Haldu (Adina cordifolia), Mitragyna parviflora, Axlewood (Anogeissus latifolia), Mallotus philippensis, and various others that contribute to the forest structure and diversity.⁴ Bamboo species are also present, particularly within the dry deciduous forest patches.⁶²

Equally vital to the Dudhwa National Park ecosystem are the extensive grasslands and wet meadows, often referred to as ‘Tal’ or ‘Chaurs’. These habitats cover a significant portion of the park, estimated at around 19%.⁶ These are typically tall grasslands, thriving in the moist, alluvial floodplain environment.² They provide critical forage and habitat for a large number of herbivores, most notably the Swamp Deer, Hog Deer, and Rhinoceros, and are the required habitat for endangered birds like the Bengal Florican and ground-dwelling mammals like the Hispid Hare.¹ Dominant grass species forming these vast tracts include Kans Grass (Saccharum spontaneum), Cogon Grass (Imperata cylindrica), Narenga porphyrocoma, Khus Grass (Vetiveria zizanioides), Dab Grass (Desmostachya bipinnata), and Themeda arundinacea.³⁷ The dynamic interplay between these grasslands and the Sal forests is crucial; grasslands are often maintained as early-successional stages by periodic disturbances like flooding and potentially fire, preventing complete forest encroachment and preserving the open habitats necessary for specialized fauna.⁴⁶

Dudhwa National Park and its surrounding areas hold significant medicinal plant resources, intrinsically linked with the ethnobotanical knowledge of the local Tharu community.⁶⁹ Studies have documented the traditional use of numerous plant species for treating a wide range of human ailments.⁷⁰ One study detailed 95 plant species used in 97 distinct ethnomedicines by the Tharu tribe in the Dudhwa National Park region.⁷⁰ Leaves were the most frequently used plant part, often prepared as extracts or juices.⁷⁰ Examples of plants with high citation frequency in these studies include Moringa oleifera, Piper longum, Andrographis paniculata, Cleome viscosa, Cissampelos pareira, and Lawsonia inermis.⁷⁰ This traditional knowledge represents a valuable cultural heritage and a potential source for pharmacological research, emphasizing the need for its conservation alongside the plant species themselves.

The unique Terai ecosystem harbours several endemic, rare, and threatened plant species, although specific comprehensive lists for Dudhwa National Park require further consolidation from sources like the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), Forest Survey of India (FSI), and Wildlife Institute of India (WII) reports.⁴⁹ The park provides refuge for plant communities adapted to the specific geological and hydrological conditions. However, many plant species, particularly medicinal ones, face threats from unsustainable harvesting practices globally and locally.⁷³

The vegetation structure within Dudhwa National Park is not static. Plant succession patterns are evident, particularly in the transition zones between grasslands, wetlands, and forests. Grasslands, as mentioned, represent an earlier successional stage often maintained by disturbance.⁴⁸ However, these delicate balances are threatened by factors like invasive plant species. Species such as Lantana (Lantana camara), Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes), and Fox Nuts (Euryale ferox) have been noted as threats in the region or similar floodplain ecosystems, potentially outcompeting native flora, altering habitat structure, and degrading critical wetland and grassland areas.⁴⁶ Managing these invasives is a crucial aspect of maintaining the native floral diversity and habitat integrity of Dudhwa National Park. The rich ethnobotanical knowledge held by the Tharu community, developed through generations of living within this ecosystem, offers valuable insights into sustainable resource use. However, conservation measures like restricted forest access, while necessary for protecting the park’s core, create a complex situation. These restrictions can inadvertently hinder the practice and transmission of traditional knowledge and sustainable harvesting techniques, potentially leading to the erosion of this valuable cultural heritage.⁷⁸ Finding ways to integrate traditional ecological knowledge into park management and ensure equitable benefit-sharing from culturally-linked ecotourism remains a critical challenge for the long-term conservation of both biodiversity and cultural heritage in Dudhwa National Park.

Fauna

Dudhwa National Park, embodying the essence of the Terai ecosystem, supports an exceptionally rich and diverse assemblage of animal life.¹ Its varied habitats, ranging from dense Sal forests and vast grasslands to intricate river systems and Dudhwa wetland marshlands, provide niches for a wide spectrum of fauna, including numerous species designated as rare, endangered, or critically endangered under national and international conservation frameworks.² The park is often highlighted for its populations of India’s “Big Five” – Tiger, Rhinoceros, Elephant, Leopard, and Swamp Deer – signifying its importance as a major wildlife stronghold in Uttar Pradesh biodiversity hotspot.¹⁴

A. Mammals

The mammalian fauna of Dudhwa National Park is particularly noteworthy, featuring iconic large carnivores and herbivores alongside a variety of smaller species.

Large Carnivores:

• Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris): As the apex predator and the species for which the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve was primarily established under Project Tiger, the Bengal Tiger holds paramount importance.² Dudhwa National Park and the associated sanctuaries support a significant tiger population, contributing substantially to the wildlife in Uttar Pradesh and India’s overall tiger numbers. Population estimates for the DTR complex have shown fluctuations but indicate a substantial presence; the 2022 All India Tiger Estimation reported 135 tigers in the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve landscape (comprising DNP, Kishanpur, Katarniaghat).⁸⁰ Tiger density varies across the reserve, with estimates ranging from around 2 tigers per 100 sq km in DNP to higher densities (up to 5 per 100 sq km) reported in Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary in past studies.⁸² Continuous monitoring using camera traps and methods like M-STrIPES is crucial for tracking population trends and ensuring protection.⁸³ The park was also the site of Billy Arjan Singh’s controversial reintroduction of ‘Tara’, a zoo-bred tigress, which sparked debate about genetic integrity.¹⁵
• Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca): Sharing the landscape with tigers, leopards are adaptable predators found throughout Dudhwa National Park.¹ They may utilize slightly different habitats, possibly favouring denser cover or more rugged terrain where available.³⁵ Leopards are frequently implicated in human-wildlife conflict incidents in the surrounding areas.⁹¹

Large Herbivores:

• Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis): The successful reintroduction of the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros to Dudhwa National Park in 1984 stands as a landmark conservation achievement.² Translocated primarily from Assam and Nepal, the aim was to establish a second viable population away from the species’ main strongholds.³ Today, a breeding population of around 33 to 42 individuals exists, primarily within a fenced area in the Sonaripur range (Kakraha Tal area) for enhanced protection against poaching.⁴ This population is a crucial component of the wildlife in Uttar Pradesh.
• Swamp Deer / Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii): Dudhwa National Park is arguably most famous for being a critical refuge for the northern subspecies of the Swamp Deer, the state animal of Uttar Pradesh.¹ The park was initially established as a sanctuary primarily for its protection.⁶ These deer are specialists of the tall grasslands and marshy areas (‘taals’) that characterize the Terai ecosystem.² While historical populations were larger, Dudhwa National Park continues to hold a vital population, though precise recent numbers require careful assessment.¹⁰ Their conservation is intrinsically linked to the health and management of the park’s grasslands and wetlands.⁴⁶
• Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus): Elephants are an important part of the Dudhwa National Park fauna, although historically they were not considered permanent residents.³⁸ Herds, likely originating from or moving through Nepal, utilize the park’s habitats, particularly the forests and grasslands.¹² Their movement across the international border via corridors like Laljhadi highlights the transboundary nature of conservation in this landscape.¹⁷ Elephant population estimates for the reserve based on dung counts suggested around 100 individuals in 2017, while the Uttar Pradesh state estimate was 232 in the same year.³⁸ Project Elephant initiatives support their conservation.³⁸
• Gaur (Bos gaurus): While listed in some faunal inventories for the reserve ⁶¹, the current presence and status of Gaur (Indian Bison) within Dudhwa National Park requires confirmation.
• Wild Boar (Sus scrofa): A common and widespread ungulate, serving as an important prey species for tigers and leopards.⁴ They are also often involved in crop depredation incidents outside the park.⁹¹

Other Deer Species:

Dudhwa National Park is notable for harbouring five of the seven deer species found in India.2 Besides the Swamp Deer, these include the Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), another grassland specialist often found near wetlands; the ubiquitous Spotted Deer or Chital (Axis axis), typically found in large herds in forest edges and grasslands; the larger Sambar (Rusa unicolor), usually preferring denser forest cover; and the smaller Barking Deer or Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), a solitary deer found in wooded areas.1 This diversity of deer forms the crucial prey base supporting the park’s large carnivore populations.

Other Mammals:

The park’s mammalian diversity extends to other significant species. Sloth Bears (Melursus ursinus) inhabit the forests.4 The rare and endangered Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus), a specialist of early-successional tall grasslands, finds one of its last refuges here.2 Smaller carnivores include the Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) associated with wetlands, and Jungle Cat (Felis chaus).4 Golden Jackals (Canis aureus) are common scavengers and predators.1 Otters, likely the Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), inhabit the river systems.12 Other mammals recorded include civets (e.g., Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica), mongoose species (Herpestes spp.), primates like the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) and Common Langur (Semnopithecus entellus), and the elusive Honey Badger (Mellivora capensis).16 The presence and successful conservation of this suite of large, charismatic megafauna, requiring vast and resource-rich habitats, serves as a strong indicator of the overall health and ecological integrity of Dudhwa National Park.

B. Birds

Dudhwa National Park is a veritable paradise for ornithologists and birdwatchers, boasting a checklist of over 450 avian species.⁴ This remarkable diversity is a result of the varied habitats within the park, including dense forests, extensive grasslands, rivers, lakes, and marshes, attracting both resident and migratory birds.⁶ Comprehensive checklists can be compiled using resources like eBird ¹⁰² and Avibase.¹¹

Several globally threatened and rare bird species find sanctuary within Dudhwa National Park. Foremost among these is the Bengal Florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), a critically endangered bustard species heavily reliant on the Terai grasslands, making Dudhwa National Park one of its last significant strongholds.² The Swamp Francolin (Ortygornis gularis), another vulnerable grassland bird, is also characteristic of the park.⁶ The elegant Sarus Crane (Antigone antigone), the world’s tallest flying bird and listed as vulnerable, frequents the wetlands and agricultural fringes.¹⁶ Other notable species include the Great Slaty Woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) (Vulnerable), the Lesser Adjutant stork (Leptoptilos javanicus) (Vulnerable), various hornbills like the Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), Indian Gray Hornbill (Ocyceros birostris), and Oriental Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris), storks such as the Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) and the Black-necked Stork (Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus), numerous species of eagles, owls, kingfishers, bee-eaters, woodpeckers, and minivets.⁴ During the winter months, the park’s wetlands attract a variety of migratory waterfowl, including ducks and geese, adding to the seasonal avian spectacle.⁶

C. Reptiles, Amphibians & Aquatic Species

The aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats of Dudhwa National Park and the associated sanctuaries support a significant diversity of reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Reptiles: The park is home to important populations of crocodilians. The Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus), a critically endangered fish-eating crocodile, has a breeding population primarily in the Gerua River within the Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary.¹² The Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) is also found in the park’s rivers and wetlands.¹² Various snakes, including pythons, and numerous species of lizards inhabit the park’s diverse terrestrial and aquatic environments. Several species of freshwater turtles are present, including the endangered Indian narrow-headed softshell turtle (Chitra indica) and the common Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata).³⁵ Surveys have recorded around 35 reptile species within the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.²³

Amphibians: The warm, moist conditions, especially during and after the monsoon, support a rich amphibian fauna.¹³ Studies have documented between 6 and 17 species of frogs and toads.¹⁷ Common examples include the large Indian Bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus), the ubiquitous Skipper Frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis), the Common Indian Toad (Duttaphrynus melanostictus), and the Ornate Narrow-mouthed Frog (Microhyla ornata).²³ Notably, the Dudhwa Tree Frog (Chiromantis dudhwaensis) was described from the park, potentially representing an endemic species.²³ The presence of amphibians serves as an indicator of ecosystem health due to their sensitivity to environmental changes.¹⁰⁷ Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and WII reports provide broader context on Indian amphibian diversity.²³

Aquatic Species (Fish): The rivers (Sharda, Suheli, Mohana, Gerua) and numerous ‘taals’ within the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve harbour a diverse fish fauna, with some studies recording as many as 66 species.¹⁷ Important species include the prized game fish Golden Mahseer (Tor putitora), the Bronze Featherback (Notopterus notopterus), and large catfish like the Freshwater Shark or Goonch (Wallago attu).¹⁰⁶ While not explicitly confirmed within Dudhwa National Park itself in the provided data, the endangered Gangetic River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is known to inhabit connected river systems like the Gerua in Katarniaghat.¹⁷ The fish community forms a crucial part of the aquatic food web, supporting fish-eating birds, otters, crocodiles, and local livelihoods where permitted.¹⁰⁶ ZSI and WII have conducted extensive surveys documenting fish diversity in India’s freshwater ecosystems.¹⁰⁶

D. Insects and Arthropods

While often overlooked, the invertebrate fauna, particularly insects and other arthropods like spiders, forms the base of Dudhwa National Park‘s terrestrial ecosystem and contributes significantly to its biodiversity.¹¹² The park supports a vast diversity of insects, including colourful butterflies, diverse beetles, fireflies illuminating the forest nights, and crucial pollinators like bees and wasps.¹³ Spiders and other arachnids also play important roles as predators.

These smaller creatures perform essential ecological roles. Insects are vital for plant pollination, enabling reproduction for much of the park’s flora. They contribute significantly to decomposition and nutrient cycling, breaking down dead organic matter. Furthermore, insects and arthropods form a fundamental food source for a vast array of other wildlife, including many species of birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and even some mammals.¹¹² Documenting this invertebrate diversity often requires specialized surveys, and reports from institutions like ZSI and WII provide valuable baseline data on insect groups across India.¹¹² The sheer abundance and diversity of insect life is another indicator of the health and productivity of the Dudhwa National Park ecosystem. The presence of habitat specialists like the Swamp Deer, Hispid Hare, and Bengal Florican is particularly significant. It underscores the critical need to conserve the specific Dudhwa wetland marshlands and grassland habitats they depend upon. These habitats are inherently vulnerable to human pressures like agricultural expansion and drainage, as well as environmental shifts such as the spread of invasive species or changes in hydrological cycles due to climate change.² The survival of these flagship specialist species is therefore directly contingent upon the effective protection and science-based management of these fragile habitat types within Dudhwa National Park.

Dudhwa Tiger Reserve: Zoning, Sanctuaries, and Connectivity

The Dudhwa Tiger Reserve (DTR) represents a large, complex conservation landscape in Uttar Pradesh, established primarily for the protection of the Bengal Tiger and its habitat under India’s Project Tiger initiative.¹⁵ It is not a single contiguous block but comprises three core protected areas: Dudhwa National Park, the Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary. These core zones are embedded within a larger matrix that includes significant buffer areas, encompassing reserved forests managed by the North Kheri, South Kheri, and Shahjahanpur Forest Divisions.² The total area under the DTR management umbrella is substantial, though figures vary slightly in different reports. One detailed account specifies a core area of 1093.79 sq km and a buffer area of 1107.98 sq km, summing to a total landscape of 2201.77 sq km.¹⁴ Another common figure for the reserve’s area is 1284.3 sq km.¹⁵ This composite structure reflects a landscape-level approach to conservation, acknowledging that wildlife populations often extend beyond the boundaries of individual parks.

Component Protected Areas:

• Dudhwa National Park (Core Zone): This is the oldest and largest single component, forming the heart of the reserve with a core area of 490.3 sq km.⁷ As a National Park, it receives the highest level of legal protection. It is located in the Lakhimpur Kheri district.⁷ Its northern and northwestern boundaries lie along the Indo-Nepal international border, while agricultural lands largely surround its eastern and southern borders.¹⁷ A railway line and a Public Works Department (PWD) road transect the park, posing potential risks to wildlife.¹⁷ Some human settlements reportedly exist within or very close to the park’s periphery, adding to management challenges.¹⁷
• Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated south of Dudhwa National Park and primarily south of the Sharda River, this sanctuary covers approximately 203.41 sq km.¹⁴ It falls within the Lakhimpur-Kheri and Shahjahanpur districts.² Kishanpur is known for its relatively high tiger density and is also considered excellent for birdwatching.¹² Crucially, it is geographically separated from Dudhwa National Park by a stretch of 20-25 km dominated by agricultural land, highlighting the importance of the corridor connecting them.¹⁰ Unlike DNP, the core area of Kishanpur is reported to be free of human settlements.¹⁷
• Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary: Located east of Dudhwa in the Bahraich district, Katarniaghat spans about 400.09 sq km of core area, with an additional buffer of around 150 sq km.¹⁴ Its northern boundary also rests on the Indo-Nepal border.² This sanctuary is particularly noted for its riverine ecosystem along the Gerua River, supporting populations of Gharials and potentially Gangetic Dolphins, alongside tigers and extensive grasslands.¹² It is managed administratively along with DNP and Kishanpur as part of the DTR. Some villages are present within the sanctuary boundaries.¹⁷

Buffer Areas:

The buffer zones surrounding these core areas are critical for conservation success. They encompass significant forest tracts managed by the North Kheri (493.90 sq km), South Kheri (247.79 sq km), and Shahjahanpur (26.22 sq km) Forest Divisions, contributing over 760 sq km to the DTR landscape.14 These areas are intended to absorb human pressures from the core zones and provide additional habitat for wildlife dispersal. However, they are subject to ongoing forestry operations and face considerable biotic pressure from surrounding human populations.17 Effective management here requires strategies that promote co-existence and benefit local communities while maintaining ecological integrity.17

Corridors and Connectivity:

Given the fragmented nature of the DTR, maintaining functional corridors between the core areas and across the international border is paramount for long-term wildlife persistence.17 These corridors facilitate gene flow, allow for dispersal, and enable species like elephants to undertake seasonal movements.17 Key identified corridors include:

• Dudhwa-Kishanpur Corridor: This vital link connects the two largest core areas but is heavily dominated by agricultural fields (~78%), interspersed with crucial wetlands, streams, and remnant forest patches along the Sharda River.³⁰ Despite the human footprint, long-term monitoring confirms it is functional and used by tigers and swamp deer for movement.¹⁷
• Dudhwa-Katarniaghat Corridor: This linkage runs along the Mohana River. It has suffered from deforestation and is considered a priority for habitat restoration efforts.¹⁷
• Transboundary Corridors: Several corridors connect DTR components with protected areas in Nepal. The Dudhwa-Laljhadi (Nepal) corridor is crucial for elephant movement.¹⁷ The Khata corridor, following the Gerua/Girwa River, links Katarniaghat with Nepal’s Bardia National Park and is used by elephants, tigers, and rhinos.¹⁷ Kishanpur Sanctuary has connectivity towards the Lagga-Bagga forest area of Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (India) and potentially Shuklaphanta National Park (Nepal).¹⁷ River channels themselves act as corridors for aquatic species like Gharial and potentially Dolphins.¹⁷ These corridors face significant threats from ongoing land-use changes (agricultural intensification, settlements), the development of linear infrastructure (roads, railways, canals), and increased potential for human-wildlife conflict.¹⁷ Protecting and restoring these linkages is a major conservation priority.

Wildlife Movement Patterns:

Animals utilize these different zones and corridors based on seasonal changes, resource availability, and life-cycle needs. Elephants undertake significant migrations, often crossing the border between Dudhwa National Park and Nepal.12 Tigers disperse between the sanctuaries, utilizing the corridors, sometimes even navigating through sugarcane fields in the agricultural matrix.30 Rhinos have also been observed moving towards Nepal.17 Swamp Deer may move between grasslands and woodlands depending on the season and water levels.46 Understanding these movement patterns through scientific monitoring is crucial for effective landscape management.

The complex structure of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, comprising multiple protected units separated by human-dominated areas and reliant on transboundary connectivity, presents considerable management hurdles. Unlike a single, large, contiguous park, ensuring the ecological integrity of DTR demands coordinated efforts across different administrative units (National Park, Sanctuaries, Forest Divisions), district boundaries, and international borders. Landscape-level planning, robust corridor management, and strong cooperation between Indian and Nepalese authorities are indispensable for tackling threats like poaching, habitat degradation, and human-wildlife conflict effectively across the entire Dudhwa National Park landscape.¹⁵ Furthermore, while corridors like the Dudhwa-Kishanpur link are currently functional, their heavy reliance on agricultural land makes this functionality precarious.³⁰ Changes in farming intensity, crop types, or the construction of new barriers could easily sever these vital connections, isolating wildlife populations and increasing conflict risk. Maintaining the permeability of these human-dominated landscapes is therefore a critical, ongoing challenge.

Table 1: Overview of Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Components

Sources: Primarily ¹⁴, supplemented by area figures and locations from.² Note: Area figures can vary slightly between sources.

Tourism and Eco-Experiences in Dudhwa National Park

Dudhwa National Park offers a unique window into the Terai ecosystem for visitors, providing opportunities for wildlife viewing, nature appreciation, and cultural immersion. While perhaps less frequented than some of India’s more famous national parks, it presents an authentic and often tranquil wilderness experience.¹² Understanding the logistics of visiting is key to a rewarding trip.

Access to the park for safari activities is managed through designated entry gates and safari zones. Key zones often mentioned include Dudhwa (the main park area), Sathiana (sometimes referred to as Salukapur), Kishanpur (accessing the Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary), Katarniaghat (accessing the Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary), and Sonaripur (known for rhino sightings).¹² A newer zone, Phato, has also been mentioned in the context of nearby Corbett, but its applicability to Dudhwa needs confirmation.¹¹⁹ The main visitors’ entrance and service center for Dudhwa National Park is located at coordinates 28°29′25″N 80°38′47″E.⁶

Several types of safaris allow visitors to explore the diverse landscapes of Dudhwa National Park and the broader Dudhwa Tiger Reserve:

• Jeep Safari: This is the most common way to explore the park’s terrestrial zones. Open 4×4 jeeps navigate the forest tracks, offering chances to spot wildlife. It’s important to note that unlike some parks, the forest department at Dudhwa may not provide jeeps or guides directly; visitors often need to arrange these privately or through their accommodation/tour operators.⁹ Bookings are essential and can often be made online through official portals or registered private agencies.¹⁴
• Elephant Safari: Elephant-back safaris are also offered in Dudhwa National Park, providing a different perspective and potentially allowing access to areas difficult for jeeps, particularly marshy terrain.⁹ The mahouts (elephant drivers) often double as knowledgeable guides.⁹
• Canter Safari: Mentioned as an option ¹⁴, Canter safaris involve larger, open-top buses suitable for groups. This is a common mode of transport in the Dhikala zone of Corbett, and may be available in specific zones or periods in Dudhwa, potentially including the Phato zone if applicable.¹¹⁹
• Boat Safari: Specifically available in the Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary section of the DTR, boat safaris on the Gerua River offer excellent opportunities to see aquatic wildlife like Gharials, Mugger Crocodiles, turtles, and potentially Gangetic Dolphins, as well as numerous water birds.¹²

Booking safaris requires advance planning. Online booking portals exist, operated by both the Uttar Pradesh Ecotourism/Forest Department and various private travel agencies.¹⁴ It is advisable to book well in advance, especially during peak season, with recommendations of 30 days for Indian nationals and 90 days for foreign nationals.¹¹⁶ Visitors need to provide identification details (like PAN card, Aadhaar, Passport) during booking and carry the same ID proof during the visit.¹¹⁶ Safari permits are issued on a first-come, first-served basis and are generally non-refundable.¹¹⁶

Safari timings are typically divided into morning and evening slots. Morning safaris usually run from around 6:00 or 6:30 AM to 9:00 or 10:00 AM, while evening safaris are generally from 1:30 or 2:30/3:00 PM to 5:00 or 6:00 PM.⁹ These timings can vary slightly depending on the season (e.g., sunrise/sunset times).¹¹⁶ Each safari typically lasts around 3 hours.¹¹⁹

Costs for safaris vary. Indicative prices for a Jeep Safari (accommodating up to 6 adults and 2 children) in Dudhwa National Park zones (Dudhwa, Salukapur, Kishanpur, Sonaripur, Katarniaghat) are around INR 5,800 to 7,500 for Indian nationals and INR 10,000 to 16,000 for foreign nationals per jeep, per safari.¹¹⁶ These costs typically include the permit fee, jeep hire, driver charges, and entry taxes.¹¹⁶ However, the mandatory guide fee (around INR 900, similar to Corbett ¹²²) is usually excluded and needs to be paid directly at the gate.¹¹⁶ Canter safari costs are typically per person (e.g., INR 2500 Indian / INR 5000 Foreigner in Corbett’s Dhikala ¹²¹).

The best time to visit Dudhwa National Park coincides with the cooler, drier months when the park is open to tourists. The park officially operates from November 15th to June 15th each year, closing during the monsoon season.⁴ While the entire open period offers opportunities, the months from December to April are generally considered optimal for wildlife sightings and pleasant weather.⁴ February to April is often cited as particularly ideal.⁵⁰ Summers (April-June) can be very hot, but wildlife sightings might increase around waterholes.⁵⁰

Visitors must adhere to park rules and guidelines for safety and conservation. Entry permits and valid ID proof are mandatory.¹¹⁶ Getting down from the safari vehicle inside the core zones is strictly prohibited, as is walking on foot unless in designated areas with a guide.¹¹⁶ Pets are not allowed inside the reserve.¹¹⁶ Entry into the park is restricted after sunset.¹¹⁶ Wearing clothing in neutral colours (khaki, olive green, grey) is recommended to avoid disturbing wildlife.⁵¹ Using registered guides is compulsory for safaris.¹¹⁶

Accommodation options cater to different budgets and preferences. The Uttar Pradesh Forest Department manages several Forest Rest Houses (FRHs) within or near the park boundaries, offering a rustic and immersive experience. Notable FRHs include those at Dudhwa, Sonaripur (strategically located near the rhino area), Kishanpur, and within Katarniaghat (like Motipur FRH and the traditionally styled ‘Tharu Huts’ at Kakraha).¹⁹ Booking for FRHs usually needs to be done in advance through official channels. Additionally, several private lodges and eco-resorts have been established near the park entrances, offering varying levels of comfort and amenities, such as the well-regarded Jaagir Manor near the Dudhwa zone.¹⁹

For photography enthusiasts, Dudhwa National Park offers stunning landscapes and wildlife opportunities.¹⁰¹ While specific “photography zones” aren’t explicitly designated in the same way as in parks like Ranthambore ⁹⁹, certain areas or zones might be known for better sightings or scenic beauty (e.g., the lake areas in Katarniaghat, grasslands in Dudhwa/Kishanpur). Standard entry and safari permits cover personal photography, but specific permits or additional fees might apply for professional or commercial filming/photography.¹¹⁹

The tourism landscape of Dudhwa National Park presents an interesting contrast. It possesses developing infrastructure, including online booking systems and a range of accommodations, indicating its significance as a tourist destination.¹ Yet, it retains a reputation for being less commercialized and crowded compared to its more famous counterparts like Jim Corbett or Ranthambore.¹² This offers a potential advantage for visitors seeking a quieter, more intimate wildlife experience. However, it also underscores the critical need for sustainable tourism management to prevent the negative impacts of potential future growth, which is listed as a threat.²⁰ Planning a visit can also be complicated by the fragmented nature of information regarding bookings, costs, and zone specifics, spread across official government websites and numerous private tour operator platforms.¹¹⁶ Visitors need to navigate this carefully to ensure they access accurate information and official booking channels.

Table 2: Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Safari Zones – Comparative Overview (Illustrative)

Sources: Synthesized from descriptions in.¹² Note: Specific details differentiating zones are less explicit in provided sources compared to other parks; this table is illustrative based on available information.

The Tharu Community: Culture, Conservation, and Coexistence

The landscape surrounding Dudhwa National Park is not just ecologically rich but also culturally vibrant, primarily due to the presence of the Tharu tribe, the main indigenous community inhabiting this part of the Terai ecosystem.⁹ Approximately 40 to 46 Tharu villages are situated in and around the forests of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, particularly in the Lakhimpur Kheri district.²¹ Their presence extends across the international border into Nepal, fostering strong cross-border cultural and kinship ties.¹⁸

The Tharu people have a long and deep-rooted history in the Terai region, considered natives of this landscape.¹⁸ While various origin narratives exist, including local traditions suggesting migration from Rajasthan centuries ago ²¹, their identity is intrinsically linked to the forests and floodplains of the Himalayan foothills.

Their culture and lifestyle are distinct and closely interwoven with the natural environment. Traditionally an agrarian society, farming (especially rice and sugarcane) forms the backbone of their economy.¹⁸ Tharu villages are recognizable by their unique architecture, featuring houses constructed from locally sourced, eco-friendly materials like mud, thatch, wood, and bamboo.¹⁹ Raised platforms (‘machans’) are a characteristic feature, offering protection from floods and wildlife.⁶⁹ Their culture is rich in oral traditions, including unique folk songs, dances, and storytelling that preserve their history and beliefs.²¹ Tharu women are often noted for their vibrant, colorful traditional attire and distinctive jewellery.²¹ Some accounts suggest matriarchal influences within their social structure.²¹ Major festivals like Maghi (often marking the new year), Holi, and Diwali are celebrated with community feasting, music, and dance.⁶⁹ Tharu cuisine is typically simple yet flavourful, utilizing local produce like rice, lentils, vegetables, and foraged wild greens and fish.¹⁹ Their spirituality often reflects animistic beliefs, with a deep reverence for nature, forests, rivers, and ancestral spirits.¹⁸ They are also known for their arts and crafts, including weaving colourful dhurries (rugs) and baskets from local grasses, pottery, and woodcarving.²¹

Historically, the Tharu have lived in close harmony with the forest, developing sophisticated traditional conservation practices and ecological knowledge.¹⁸ Their livelihoods depended on sustainable use of forest resources for food, medicine, fuel, and building materials.²¹ They possess extensive knowledge of local flora, particularly medicinal plants, using them to treat various ailments.⁷⁰ Traditional practices like crop rotation, water harvesting, and community-based forest management contributed to their resilience.⁶⁹ They were also historically known for their skills in interacting with wildlife, including the art of catching and training wild elephants.²¹

However, the establishment of Dudhwa National Park and the broader conservation framework has significantly impacted the Tharu community. Restricted access to forest areas, a necessary measure for core zone protection, has disrupted traditional livelihoods and practices, such as sourcing specific grasses for traditional house construction, forcing shifts to modern materials like tin roofing.⁷⁸ There is a history of village relocation associated with the park’s formation, with most Tharu villages eventually being granted revenue status, though complexities and conflicts over land and resource rights persist.²² Organizations like the Tharu Adivasi Mahila Mazdoor Kisan Manch have emerged to advocate for forest rights under legislation like India’s Forest Rights Act, highlighting ongoing struggles for recognition and access.²² Socio-economic challenges, including poverty and marginalization, also affect the community.⁶⁹

Eco-tourism presents both opportunities and challenges for the Tharu community near Dudhwa National Park. Their unique culture is often promoted as a tourist attraction, with offerings like guided village tours, homestays, cultural performances, and sampling of Tharu cuisine.¹⁸ Proponents argue that community-based ecotourism can provide alternative livelihoods, empower local communities, generate income, and help preserve cultural traditions.²⁰ However, concerns exist regarding the equitable distribution of tourism benefits, the potential for cultural commodification, and the authenticity of the experiences offered (e.g., forest department-built cottages being marketed as ‘Tharu Huts’ while Tharus themselves face restrictions).⁷⁸ Ensuring genuine community participation, ownership, and fair benefit-sharing is crucial for realizing the positive potential of ecotourism.⁵⁴

The Tharu community’s situation exemplifies the complex interplay between conservation goals and indigenous rights. Their cultural resilience is evident in their enduring traditions and deep connection to the Terai landscape around Dudhwa National Park.¹⁸ Yet, they face significant pressures from conservation policies that restrict traditional access and from tourism models that may not fully integrate or benefit them equitably.²² This dynamic forces adaptation and can lead to conflict, challenging the continuity of their traditional way of life. Moreover, the Tharus’ invaluable traditional ecological knowledge and historical role as forest stewards represent a significant, yet often underutilized, resource for conservation. A shift towards more collaborative approaches, genuinely integrating Tharu knowledge into park management (e.g., monitoring, anti-poaching, sustainable resource zones) and ensuring their meaningful participation and benefit from ecotourism, could foster greater local support for conservation, enhance ecological outcomes, and support cultural survival in the Dudhwa National Park region.⁵⁴

Conservation Projects and Wildlife Protection in Dudhwa National Park

Conservation lies at the very core of Dudhwa National Park‘s existence and ongoing management. As a critical refuge for the Terai ecosystem and numerous endangered species India, the park and the encompassing Dudhwa Tiger Reserve are focal points for national and international conservation efforts.

A cornerstone of these efforts is the park’s integration into Project Tiger. Designated as a Tiger Reserve in 1987-88, Dudhwa National Park, along with Kishanpur and later Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuaries, falls under the purview of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).² This centrally sponsored scheme provides funding and mandates specific management practices focused on securing inviolate core tiger habitats while promoting inclusive, people-oriented agendas in the buffer zones.⁷⁹ The goal is to maintain viable tiger populations and conserve the entire ecosystem they represent.

One of the most celebrated conservation initiatives at Dudhwa National Park is the Rhino Reintroduction Program. Launched in 1984, this ambitious project aimed to establish a second viable wild population of the Greater One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in India, reducing the risks associated with having the vast majority concentrated in Kaziranga National Park, Assam.² Rhinos were translocated from Assam and Nepal (Pobitara and Chitwan) and released into a specially prepared, fenced area within the park.³ Despite challenges, the program has been successful in establishing a breeding population, which currently numbers around 42 individuals.⁴ This remains a flagship success story for Dudhwa National Park and Indian conservation.⁴⁹

Conservation of Swamp Deer (Rucervus duvaucelii duvaucelii) has been a long-standing priority, given that the park’s initial establishment as a sanctuary was driven by the need to protect this species.² Dudhwa National Park remains the most important stronghold for the northern subspecies.² Conservation efforts focus on protecting and managing their critical grassland and wetland habitats (‘taals’) from encroachment, degradation, and invasive species.⁴⁶ Long-term monitoring of their population dynamics and habitat use is essential for guiding management interventions.¹⁰

Protecting wildlife from illegal activities is a major focus. Robust anti-poaching patrols are conducted by forest department staff throughout the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.¹⁷ Modern technology is increasingly being employed to enhance these efforts. Systems like M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers-Intensive Protection and Ecological Status), an android-based application developed by NTCA and WII, allow guards to record patrol routes via GPS, log wildlife sightings and signs, and report illegal activities in real-time.⁸⁵ This improves patrol coverage, accountability, and data collection for management decisions. The implementation of M-STrIPES in Dudhwa has been credited with significantly increasing patrol efficiency and aiding in the apprehension of poachers.⁸⁶ Additionally, innovative technologies like the TrailGuard AI camera-alert system, which uses artificial intelligence to detect tigers and potential poachers and transmit real-time alerts, have been deployed experimentally in Dudhwa and other tiger landscapes, offering new tools for surveillance and rapid response.⁸³ SMART (Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool) patrolling is another methodology likely employed, often supported by conservation partners like WWF.⁸⁵

Forest fire control is another critical management activity, particularly during the dry season. Fires can damage habitat, destroy regeneration, and pose a direct threat to wildlife. Management involves prevention measures, monitoring for outbreaks (potentially using satellite data or watchtowers), and rapid suppression efforts. Early warning systems and community involvement can play roles in mitigating fire risks. Ground fires, which destroy undergrowth and organic matter, are common in deciduous forests.⁶⁵

Managing human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a significant challenge in the landscape surrounding Dudhwa National Park, given the high human population density and agricultural interface.⁹¹ Conflicts arise from crop depredation by herbivores (like elephants, deer, wild pigs, nilgai) and livestock/human attacks by large carnivores (tigers and leopards).⁸³ Mitigation measures include:

• Compensation Schemes: Government schemes provide financial compensation for human death or injury, livestock loss, and crop or property damage caused by wildlife, although timely disbursal can be an issue.⁹¹
• Rapid Response Teams (RRTs): Organizations like the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI), in collaboration with the Forest Department and WWF, operate RRTs to respond quickly to conflict situations, rescue stranded animals, and assist in managing problem animals.⁹²
• Capture and Relocation: In specific cases involving animals repeatedly involved in conflict, capture and translocation (sometimes with GPS collaring for monitoring) may be undertaken, though this is complex and requires careful assessment.⁹²
• Habitat Management and Corridor Protection: Maintaining healthy prey populations within the reserve and securing safe movement corridors can help reduce the need for carnivores to venture into human-dominated areas.³⁶
• Community Engagement: Working with local communities to raise awareness, promote tolerance, and implement preventative measures (e.g., improved livestock protection, crop guarding techniques) is crucial.⁷⁹
• Alternative Livelihoods: Providing alternative income sources can reduce community dependence on forest resources and potentially decrease conflict encounters.³³
• Relocation Policies: For villages located within critical core habitats, voluntary and incentivized relocation programs exist under Project Tiger guidelines, aiming to create inviolate spaces for wildlife and reduce conflict potential.³⁶

These diverse conservation projects and protection measures, often undertaken in collaboration between the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department, NTCA, research institutions like WII, and conservation NGOs like WWF and WTI, are essential for safeguarding the unique biodiversity and ecological integrity of Dudhwa National Park and the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.

Scientific Research and Biodiversity Monitoring in Dudhwa National Park

Effective conservation and management of Dudhwa National Park rely heavily on robust scientific research and continuous biodiversity monitoring. Understanding population dynamics, habitat use, ecological processes, and threats allows managers to make informed decisions and adapt strategies. Various modern techniques and collaborative efforts underpin the scientific activities within the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.

A cornerstone of wildlife monitoring, particularly for elusive species like tigers and leopards, is the extensive use of camera traps.⁸³ These remotely triggered cameras capture images of animals, allowing researchers to identify individuals based on unique markings (like tiger stripes) and estimate population size, density, and distribution using sophisticated statistical models like Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR).⁸² National tiger population assessments, coordinated by the NTCA and WII, rely heavily on camera trapping data collected systematically across tiger reserves, including Dudhwa National Park.⁸² India has established a National Repository of Camera Trap Photographs of Tigers (NRCTPT) to assign Unique Tiger Identification (UTID) numbers, preventing double counting and aiding in tracking individuals across landscapes.⁸⁹

To understand animal movement patterns, dispersal, and habitat utilization in greater detail, GPS collars are sometimes deployed on key species like tigers or elephants, particularly those involved in conflict or translocation programs.³⁶ Satellite telemetry provides valuable data on home ranges, corridor usage, and interactions with human-dominated landscapes, informing conflict mitigation and landscape management strategies.³⁰ Innovative technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) are also being integrated. The TrailGuard AI system, for instance, uses on-the-edge AI algorithms within camera traps to identify specific species (like tigers) or human intruders (poachers) in real-time, sending immediate alerts to managers.⁸³ This technology holds potential for enhancing anti-poaching efforts and providing early warnings for human-wildlife conflict situations near Dudhwa National Park.

Tiger density mapping is a key output of camera trap surveys and other monitoring efforts.⁸² Understanding where tigers are concentrated within the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve helps prioritize protection efforts and identify critical habitats. Similarly, monitoring prey populations (like deer species) using methods such as line transect sampling is essential, as prey abundance directly influences tiger carrying capacity.³⁶

Comprehensive biodiversity indexing and inventorying efforts aim to document the full range of flora and fauna within Dudhwa National Park. This involves systematic surveys for various taxonomic groups. Insect and bird census programs are conducted to track populations and diversity.¹⁷ Institutions like the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and Botanical Survey of India (BSI) play crucial roles in taxonomic identification and maintaining national checklists.²³ Long-term monitoring of specific indicator species or groups (e.g., Swamp Deer, grassland birds, amphibians) helps assess ecosystem health and the effectiveness of management interventions.¹⁰ Vegetation mapping using remote sensing and ground-truthing provides baseline data on habitat types and changes over time.³

Much of the scientific research and monitoring in Dudhwa National Park involves collaborative efforts. The Uttar Pradesh Forest Department works closely with national institutions like the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and the NTCA, particularly for flagship species monitoring and large-scale assessments.³ International and national conservation organizations like the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) also play significant roles, often providing technical expertise, funding, and support for specific projects, including population monitoring, corridor studies, HWC mitigation, and community engagement.³⁰ These collaborations leverage diverse expertise and resources to address the complex conservation challenges faced by Dudhwa National Park.

Ecological Importance and Global Recognition of Dudhwa National Park

Dudhwa National Park holds immense ecological significance that extends beyond its administrative boundaries, playing a vital role in regional and global biodiversity conservation. Its importance stems from its unique location, rich biodiversity, and the critical ecosystem services it provides.

As a cornerstone of the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL), Dudhwa National Park is strategically vital for maintaining connectivity across this transboundary conservation area.¹ The TAL initiative, supported by governments and organizations like WWF, aims to secure a future for tigers and other megafauna by linking protected areas across Nepal and India.³¹ Dudhwa National Park, along with Kishanpur and Katarniaghat sanctuaries, forms a critical node in this network, facilitating the movement and genetic exchange of species like tigers, elephants, and rhinos between populations in India and Nepal.¹⁷ The success of the TAL, which has seen remarkable recoveries in tiger numbers across the landscape, relies heavily on the integrity and connectivity of areas like Dudhwa National Park.³¹

Dudhwa National Park is situated within one of the global biodiversity hotspots – the broader Himalaya and Indo-Burma hotspots encompass the Terai region.⁷³ It represents a critical remnant of the highly threatened Terai-Duar Savanna and Grasslands ecoregion, recognized by WWF as globally important for its unique large mammal assemblage and high levels of biodiversity.² The park conserves some of the last extensive tracts of tall alluvial grasslands and high-quality Sal forests, habitats that have largely disappeared elsewhere in the Gangetic plains due to agricultural conversion and human settlement.²

Ecologically, Dudhwa National Park plays a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the Indo-Gangetic plains. The forests and wetlands act as important catchments and regulators for rivers like the Suheli and Mohana, influencing regional water regimes vital for agriculture and downstream ecosystems.² The dense vegetation cover helps prevent soil erosion, particularly on the fragile alluvial soils, and contributes to local climate regulation.⁴⁷

The park’s conservation value is recognized internationally, although it does not currently hold specific UNESCO World Heritage or IUCN Green List status (unlike Kaziranga or Manas which are World Heritage Sites). However, its role in conserving globally threatened species listed under IUCN Red List categories (e.g., Tiger – Endangered, Rhino – Vulnerable, Swamp Deer – Vulnerable, Bengal Florican – Critically Endangered, Gharial – Critically Endangered) gives it immense international significance.² Its inclusion in the TAL program further elevates its global profile.²⁷

Beyond biodiversity, Dudhwa National Park contributes significantly to carbon sequestration. The extensive forests, particularly the mature Sal stands, and the organic-rich soils of the wetlands and grasslands act as substantial carbon sinks, playing a role in mitigating climate change.⁵⁵ Maintaining the health and extent of these ecosystems is vital for enhancing landscape-level climate resilience. The park’s ecosystems provide numerous services, including water regulation, soil stabilization, pollination, and the provision of genetic resources, contributing to the overall ecological health and human well-being in the region.²

Threats and Challenges Facing Dudhwa National Park

Despite its conservation significance, Dudhwa National Park faces a multitude of threats and challenges that jeopardize its ecological integrity and the survival of its unique biodiversity. These pressures stem from both within and outside the park boundaries.

Illegal Logging and Poaching: Like many protected areas in India, Dudhwa National Park contends with the persistent threat of illegal resource extraction. Illegal logging, targeting valuable timber species like Sal, degrades forest habitats.⁶³ Poaching remains a serious concern, driven by the demand for wildlife products in illegal international markets.²⁷ Tigers are poached for their skin, bones, and other parts used in traditional medicine. Rhinos are targeted for their horns.³⁴ Other species, including deer (for meat) and potentially pangolins or turtles, may also be targeted. Effective anti-poaching patrols and intelligence gathering are crucial but challenging across the vast and complex landscape.⁸⁶ The park’s porous border with Nepal adds another layer of complexity to controlling transboundary wildlife crime.¹⁷

Invasive Plant Species: The spread of non-native invasive plants poses a significant ecological threat. Species like Lantana (Lantana camara), Parthenium, and aquatic weeds such as Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) and Fox Nuts (Euryale ferox) can outcompete native flora, alter habitat structure, reduce forage availability for herbivores, and clog wetlands.⁴⁶ Managing these invasive species requires sustained effort and resources.

Agricultural Encroachment and Habitat Fragmentation: The landscape surrounding Dudhwa National Park is predominantly agricultural.¹⁰ Increasing human populations and the demand for land exert continuous pressure on the park’s boundaries. Agricultural encroachment can lead to direct habitat loss and fragmentation, shrinking the available space for wildlife.³¹ This fragmentation isolates wildlife populations, particularly impacting the functionality of corridors connecting Dudhwa National Park with Kishanpur, Katarniaghat, and Nepalese protected areas.¹⁷ Linear infrastructure development (roads, railways, canals) further exacerbates fragmentation.¹⁷

Flooding and Soil Erosion: While seasonal flooding is a natural part of the Terai ecosystem, extreme flood events, potentially exacerbated by climate change or upstream land-use practices, can cause significant disruption.⁴⁶ Unseasonal or unusually intense floods can damage habitats, displace wildlife, and impact infrastructure.⁴⁶ Soil erosion, particularly along riverbanks, can also occur, affecting water quality and aquatic habitats.

Tourism Pressure: While currently considered less crowded than some parks ¹², increasing tourism, if not managed sustainably, can exert pressure on fragile habitats. Impacts can include disturbance to wildlife, habitat degradation from vehicle movement, waste generation, and increased demand for resources like water and fuel in surrounding areas.²⁰ Balancing tourism benefits with ecological protection is an ongoing management challenge.

Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC): As wildlife populations recover and habitats become increasingly fragmented, interactions between humans and wildlife inevitably increase, often leading to conflict.³⁰ Crop raiding by herbivores and livestock or human predation by large carnivores can lead to economic losses and resentment among local communities, potentially undermining conservation efforts.⁹¹ Managing HWC effectively through mitigation measures, timely compensation, and community engagement is critical for long-term coexistence.⁹¹

Addressing these multifaceted threats requires a comprehensive and adaptive management approach, integrating robust protection measures, scientific monitoring, habitat restoration, sustainable tourism practices, effective HWC mitigation, and strong collaboration with local communities and neighbouring Nepal.

How to Reach Dudhwa National Park

Reaching Dudhwa National Park, located in the Lakhimpur Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh near the Nepal border, requires some planning due to its relatively remote location. Several options exist via air, rail, and road.

By Air:

• The nearest major airport is Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow (LKO), approximately 230-245 km away from the park.¹ From Lucknow, visitors typically need to hire a taxi or take a bus for the remaining journey, which takes around 5-6 hours by road.⁶
• A smaller airstrip exists at Palia Kalan, which is very close to the park.¹¹ There have been efforts or announcements regarding air services connecting Lucknow to Palia, potentially offering a faster (though likely more expensive) option.²⁸ Visitors should verify the current operational status and schedule of flights to Palia.
• Another nearby airport, though across the border, is Dhangarhi Airport (DHI) in Nepal, located about 35 km away.⁶ Accessing the park via Nepal would involve border crossing formalities.

By Rail:

• Dudhwa Railway Station (DDW): There is a small railway station located right at the edge of the park (approx. 4 km from the main entrance area).⁶ This station lies on a metre-gauge line (conversion to broad gauge might be ongoing or completed – verification needed) connecting Lucknow via Sitapur and Mailani. Train services on this line might be limited or slower compared to mainline routes.
• Palia Kalan Railway Station (PLK): Located about 10 km from the park entrance, Palia Kalan is another nearby station on the same branch line.⁶
• Mailani Junction (MLN): Situated approximately 37 km away, Mailani is a more significant junction on the branch line, potentially offering better connectivity from Lucknow or other points.⁶ Trains like the GKP MLN EXPRESS connect Gorakhpur to Mailani via Lucknow.¹³⁴
• Shahjahanpur Junction (SPN): This is a major railway station on the main broad-gauge line connecting Lucknow, Bareilly, Delhi, and other major cities. It is located further away (approx. 100-110 km, requiring a 2-3 hour road journey to Dudhwa) but offers numerous fast train options from cities like Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, etc..¹¹ Many trains run daily between Lucknow and Shahjahanpur.¹³⁵ Similarly, trains connect Kanpur to Shahjahanpur.¹³⁶ From Shahjahanpur, visitors would need to hire a taxi or take a bus to reach Palia Kalan or Dudhwa National Park.
• Lucknow (LKO/LJN): As the state capital and a major rail hub, Lucknow offers excellent connectivity from across India. Visitors can take a train to Lucknow and then proceed to Dudhwa by road (taxi/bus) or by taking a connecting train to Mailani/Palia/Dudhwa stations.¹³⁴ Numerous trains run between Kanpur and Lucknow [User Query].

By Road:

• From Delhi: The journey from Delhi to Dudhwa National Park is approximately 430-450 km and takes around 8-9 hours by car. The typical route passes through Moradabad, Bareilly, Pilibhit/Shahjahanpur, and Lakhimpur Kheri to Palia Kalan.¹¹
• From Lucknow: The road distance is about 216-245 km, taking approximately 4.5 to 6 hours depending on road conditions and traffic.⁶ The route generally goes via Sitapur and Lakhimpur Kheri to Palia Kalan.
• Taxi Services: Taxis can be hired from major cities like Lucknow, Delhi, or Bareilly for the journey to Dudhwa National Park. Estimated taxi fares from Lucknow to Dudhwa National Park (Palia Kalan area) start around INR 2800-3600 for a sedan and INR 3800-4900 for an SUV for a one-way trip.²⁹ Fares for larger vehicles like Innova or Tempo Traveller would be higher.²⁹ It’s advisable to book in advance, especially during peak season.²⁹
• Bus Services: State transport and private buses connect Lucknow, Lakhimpur Kheri, Shahjahanpur, and Palia Kalan, offering a more budget-friendly option, though potentially slower.

Transport Tips and Accessibility:

• The final leg of the journey to Dudhwa National Park typically involves road travel, either from a major city airport/railway station or from nearby smaller stations like Palia Kalan or Mailani.
• Internal transport within the park for safaris requires permitted vehicles (Jeeps/Elephants/Canters).⁹ Private vehicles may be allowed up to certain points or in buffer zones with permits.¹¹⁹
• Given the park’s location and the need for safari arrangements, planning transportation in advance is highly recommended. Coordinating with accommodation providers or tour operators can simplify logistics.
• Road conditions in the Terai region can vary, especially during and immediately after the monsoon season.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Dudhwa National Park

This section addresses common questions visitors and researchers might have about Dudhwa National Park.

• What is Dudhwa National Park known for? / Why is Dudhwa National Park famous? / What is the Speciality of Dudhwa National Park?
  Dudhwa National Park is famous primarily for being a critical refuge for the unique Terai ecosystem and its associated biodiversity. Its specialties include:

• Being a major stronghold for the endangered northern Swamp Deer (Barasingha), the conservation of which was the initial reason for its protection.¹
• The successful reintroduction of the Indian Rhinoceros.¹
• Supporting a significant population of Bengal Tigers as part of the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve.¹
• Conserving extensive tracts of high-quality Sal forests and tall grasslands, characteristic of the Himalayan foothill forests.²
• Harbouring rare species like the Hispid Hare and the critically endangered Bengal Florican.²
• Its rich avian diversity, with over 450 bird species.⁴
• Its location on the Indo-Nepal border, making it part of the vital Terai Arc Landscape.¹
• Offering a relatively less commercialized and more tranquil wildlife experience compared to some other popular parks.¹²

• Which animal is famous in Dudhwa National Park? / For which animal is Dudhwa National Park famous?
  While home to tigers and rhinos, Dudhwa National Park is arguably most historically famous for the Swamp Deer (Barasingha), as its protection was the primary reason for the sanctuary’s initial establishment.1 It remains a crucial global stronghold for the northern subspecies.
• Are rhinos still found in Dudhwa?
  Yes, Indian Rhinoceros are found in Dudhwa National Park. They were successfully reintroduced starting in 1984 and a breeding population persists, primarily within a protected enclosure in the Sonaripur range.1
• Are there elephants in Dudhwa?
  Yes, Asian Elephants are found in Dudhwa National Park. While perhaps not historically permanent residents, herds frequently move through the park, often migrating between India and Nepal.1 Estimates suggested around 100 elephants in the reserve in 2017.38
• How many tigers are in Dudhwa National Park?
  The 2022 All India Tiger Estimation reported 135 tigers within the entire Dudhwa Tiger Reserve landscape (which includes Dudhwa National Park, Kishanpur WS, and Katarniaghat WS).80 This represents a significant population within the Uttar Pradesh biodiversity hotspot.
• How do you book a safari? / How to book a safari in Dudhwa National Park? / How do I book a safari in Dudhwa Tiger Reserve?
  Safaris (Jeep, Elephant, potentially Canter) in Dudhwa National Park should be booked in advance. Options include:

• Online Portals: Bookings can often be made through the official website of the Uttar Pradesh Ecotourism Development Board or the Forest Department (check for current official links), or via registered private travel agency websites (like dudhwanationalpark.in, dudhwasafari.com, though verify they are authorized).¹⁴
• Advance Booking: It is recommended to book at least 30 days in advance for Indian nationals and 90 days for foreign nationals.¹¹⁶
• Information Required: You will typically need the full names, ages, gender, and ID proof details (Aadhaar, Passport, Driving License etc.) for all visitors.¹¹⁶
• Payment: Advance payment is usually required, and safari permits/fees are often non-refundable.¹¹⁶
• Inclusions: Bookings usually cover the permit, jeep/vehicle, and driver. Guide fees are typically extra and paid directly at the gate.¹¹⁶

• What is the ticket price of Dudhwa National Park? / What is the entry fee for Dudhwa National Park?
  Entry to the park requires permits and safari charges rather than a simple ‘ticket price’. The cost for a Jeep Safari (which includes permits, vehicle, driver, taxes) is approximately INR 5,800 – 7,500 per jeep for Indian nationals and INR 10,000 – 16,000 per jeep for foreign nationals. Each jeep typically accommodates a maximum of 6 adults and 2 children (5-12 years).116 Guide fees are additional. Costs for Elephant or Canter safaris would differ.
• What is the timing of Dudhwa National Park? / What are the safari timings?
  Dudhwa National Park is open to tourists from November 15th to June 15th annually.4 Safari timings are generally:

• Morning: Approximately 6:00/6:30 AM to 9:00/10:00 AM
• Evening: Approximately 1:30/2:30/3:00 PM to 5:00/6:00 PM These timings can vary slightly depending on the season and sunrise/sunset times.⁹

• Is safari allowed in national park?
  Yes, safaris (Jeep, Elephant, Canter in designated zones) are the primary means for tourists to explore and view wildlife within Dudhwa National Park and other national parks in India, subject to permits and regulations.9 Walking is generally prohibited in core areas.116
• What time of year is best for tiger sightings? / What is the best time to visit Dudhwa National Park?
  The park is open from Nov 15 to June 15. The best time to visit for overall wildlife sightings and pleasant weather is generally considered December to April.4 February to April is often highlighted as ideal.50 While summer months (April-June) are hot, tiger sightings might increase around water sources as vegetation thins out.
• Which zone is best in Dudhwa National Park?
  Different zones offer different experiences:

• Dudhwa Zone: Core park area, diverse habitats.¹⁴
• Kishanpur Zone: Known for higher tiger density reports in the past.¹²
• Katarniaghat Zone: Best for riverine ecosystem, Gharials, boat safari.¹²
• Sonaripur Zone: The primary area for rhino sightings.¹² The “best” zone depends on individual interests (e.g., tigers vs. rhinos vs. Gharials vs. birding). Consulting recent sighting reports or local guides can be helpful.

• Is Dudhwa safe for family travel? / Is Dudhwa National Park worth visiting? / Is Dudhwa worth visiting?
  Yes, Dudhwa National Park is generally considered safe for family travel when adhering to park rules and safari guidelines (staying in vehicles, following guide instructions). It offers a unique and rewarding experience for nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts.24 Its relatively less crowded nature can be appealing.12 Whether it’s “worth visiting” depends on expectations; it offers a chance to see rare Terai wildlife in a beautiful, less commercialized setting, but sightings (especially of tigers) are never guaranteed, as in any wild environment.24
• In which city is Dudhwa National Park? / Which city is near Dudhwa National Park? / Which city is closest to Dudhwa National Park?
  Dudhwa National Park is located in the Lakhimpur Kheri district of Uttar Pradesh.1 The nearest town of significant size is Palia Kalan.6 Lakhimpur city is the district headquarters but further away. Lucknow is the nearest major city and airport.1
• Which is the nearest railway station to Dudhwa? / Which is the nearest station to Dudhwa National Park?
  The closest railway stations are Dudhwa (DDW) (approx. 4 km) and Palia Kalan (PLK) (approx. 10 km) on the local branch line.6 Mailani (MLN) (approx. 37 km) is a junction on the same line.6 For better connectivity with major cities via broad gauge, Shahjahanpur (SPN) (approx. 100-110 km) is the most practical major station, followed by Lucknow (LKO/LJN).11
• Is there any train from Lucknow to Dudhwa National Park? / How to visit Dudhwa National Park from Lucknow?
  Yes, you can travel from Lucknow to near Dudhwa National Park by train.

• Option 1 (Direct Branch Line): Take a train from Lucknow (LKO/LJN) towards Mailani (MLN), Palia Kalan (PLK), or Dudhwa (DDW). This might involve slower trains or require changes.¹³⁴
• Option 2 (Main Line + Road): Take one of the many frequent trains from Lucknow (LKO) to Shahjahanpur (SPN) (approx. 2.5-4 hours).¹³⁵ From Shahjahanpur, hire a taxi or take a bus to Palia Kalan/Dudhwa (approx. 2-3 hours).¹¹
• By Road: Alternatively, hire a taxi directly from Lucknow to Dudhwa (approx. 5-6 hours).⁶

• Is there any train from Kanpur to Dudhwa National Park?
  There are no direct trains from Kanpur to Dudhwa/Palia Kalan. The best option is to take a train from Kanpur (CNB) to Shahjahanpur (SPN).136 Several trains connect Kanpur to Shahjahanpur. From Shahjahanpur, proceed by road (taxi/bus) to Dudhwa National Park.11 Alternatively, take a train from Kanpur to Lucknow and then follow the options from Lucknow.
• How much is a taxi from Lucknow to Dudhwa National Park?
  The estimated taxi fare for a one-way trip from Lucknow to Dudhwa National Park starts around INR 2800-3600 for a sedan car (like Etios/Dzire) and INR 3800-4900 for an SUV (like Ertiga/Marazzo). An Innova might cost around INR 4800-6300.29 Prices can vary based on the provider, vehicle type, and time of booking.
• On which river is Dudhwa?
  Dudhwa National Park itself is situated between the Mohana River (forming the northern boundary) and the Suheli River (forming the southern boundary).1 The larger Dudhwa Tiger Reserve landscape is also influenced by the Sharda River (south of Kishanpur WS) and the Gerua River (in Katarniaghat WS).5
• Which tribe is Dudhwa National Park?
  The primary indigenous tribal community living in and around Dudhwa National Park is the Tharu tribe.9
• Which National Park is on India Nepal border?
  Several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries lie along or very close to the India-Nepal border, forming the Terai Arc Landscape. These include:

• India: Dudhwa National Park (UP), Kishanpur WS (UP), Katarniaghat WS (UP), Pilibhit Tiger Reserve (UP), Suhelwa WS (UP), Valmiki National Park/Tiger Reserve (Bihar), Rajaji National Park (Uttarakhand – near western end of TAL).¹⁷
• Nepal: Shuklaphanta National Park, Bardia National Park, Banke National Park, Parsa National Park, Chitwan National Park.¹⁷

• Which is the largest forest in UP?
  Based on the Forest Survey of India (FSI) 2021 data, the district with the largest recorded forest area in Uttar Pradesh is Sonbhadra (2540.29 sq km). However, Lakhimpur Kheri, where Dudhwa National Park is located, also has a substantial forest cover (1273.06 sq km).137 The term “largest forest” can be interpreted differently (single contiguous block vs. total district area). Dudhwa represents a significant portion of the state’s quality forest cover.
• Which state has 2nd most tigers in India?
  According to the 2022 Tiger Census results, Karnataka has the second-highest tiger population in India with 563 tigers, following Madhya Pradesh (785 tigers).80 Uttarakhand is a close third with 560 tigers.80
• Where is the most elephant in India?
  Based on the 2017 elephant census data, Karnataka reported the highest estimated elephant population (6049), followed closely by Assam (5719) and Kerala (5706).95
• What is the cost of Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve? / Is phato zone good in Jim Corbett? / Which zone is famous in Ranthambore? / How to reach Jim Corbett by train from Lucknow? / How to reach Jim Corbett from Kanpur by train?
  These questions relate to other parks (Jim Corbett, Ranthambore). While some comparative data might be present (e.g., safari costs 121, popular zones 99, Phato zone info 119), a detailed discussion is outside the scope of this Dudhwa National Park report. Briefly: Corbett safari costs are roughly INR 7500-8500 (Indian) / INR 14000-16000 (Foreigner) per jeep.121 Phato zone is a newer zone in Corbett, reviews vary.119 Ranthambore’s Zone 3 is often cited as very popular for sightings and scenery.99 Reaching Corbett from Lucknow/Kanpur usually involves trains to Ramnagar (RMR).
• What is the entry fee for Hemis National Park?
  The entry fee for Hemis National Park (Ladakh) is mentioned as INR 20 for Indians and INR 100 for foreigners in one source.139 This is not related to Dudhwa National Park.
• How do I go to Nepal from Lucknow? / Which train does not stop at Kanpur? / How many trains are running Kanpur to Lucknow? / Which is the nearest railway station to Ltmmc? / How much is the helicopter ticket from Lucknow to Dudhwa National Park? / What is the full form of LTT? / Which is the beautiful train station in India? / What is the full form of Ltmmc?
  These questions are general travel or unrelated queries. LTT stands for Lokmanya Tilak Terminus (Mumbai).140 MMCT stands for Mumbai Central.142 Information on helicopter tickets to Dudhwa was not found in the provided snippets. The other questions are outside the scope of this report on Dudhwa National Park.

Conclusion: Dudhwa National Park

Dudhwa National Park, along with the encompassing Dudhwa Tiger Reserve, stands as a profoundly significant area for biodiversity conservation, ecological research, and cultural heritage within India and globally. Its location in the unique Terai ecosystem of Uttar Pradesh, bordering Nepal, endows it with exceptional ecological value, conserving vital habitats like alluvial tall grasslands, species-rich Sal forests, and intricate wetland marshlands that have become increasingly rare across the Gangetic plains biodiversity landscape.¹

The park’s geological foundation, characterized by Gangetic alluvium and influenced by Himalayan foothill sedimentation and floodplain dynamics, creates the specific soil conditions (alluvial soil, sandy loam, marsh clay) and hydrological regimes that support its distinct vegetation zones.² This unique physical environment fosters an outstanding array of Dudhwa flora and fauna. It is a critical stronghold for the endangered northern Swamp Deer, the site of a successful Indian Rhinoceros reintroduction, and a vital habitat for a significant population of Bengal Tigers under Project Tiger.² Its avian diversity, exceeding 450 species including the critically endangered Bengal Florican, further highlights its importance as an Uttar Pradesh biodiversity hotspot.²

The cultural richness of the region, embodied by the indigenous Tharu tribe, adds another dimension to Dudhwa National Park‘s significance.¹⁸ Their deep historical connection to the forest, traditional ecological knowledge, and unique cultural practices are invaluable assets that deserve recognition and integration into conservation and sustainable eco-tourism frameworks.⁵⁴

Scientific research and monitoring, employing modern techniques like camera traps, GPS collaring, and tools like M-STrIPES, are crucial for understanding the park’s complex ecology, tracking wildlife populations, managing threats like poaching and HWC, and informing conservation strategies [⁴

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