How Latitude Affects the Distribution of Solar Radiation If Earth were a flat surface oriented perpendicularly to the Sun, solar rays would be distributed uniformly...

Ocean heating phenomenon refers to the systematic redistribution of thermal energy from low-latitude oceanic regions to polar areas through atmospheric and oceanic circulation systems. Near...

What Causes Earth’s Seasons? This seemingly straightforward inquiry often leads to a common misunderstanding: Although Earth follows an elliptical trajectory around the Sun that deviates...

What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide? The ocean floor harbors a wealth of potential mineral and organic assets. However, a substantial portion of these resources...

How are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed in the Ocean? Pelagic and neritic deposits are distributed based on water depth and proximity to land. Neritic...

Cosmogenous sediment (cosmos = universe, generare = to produce) originates from extraterrestrial sources. Origin, Composition, and Distribution of Cosmogenous Sediment Although constituting a very small...

Hydrogenous sediment (from hydro, meaning water, and generare, meaning to produce) originates from substances that have been dissolved within aquatic environments. Origin of Hydrogenous Sediment...

Biogenous sediment (from bio, meaning life, and generare, meaning to produce)—also known as biogenic sediment—originates from the preserved hard remains of once-living organisms. Origin of...

Lithogenous sediment (from lithos meaning stone and generare meaning to produce) originates from pre-existing rock formations that are found on continental landmasses or islands. These...

The deep-ocean region extends beyond the continental margin province—which comprises the shelf, slope, and rise—and encompasses a diverse range of notable geological features. Abyssal Plains...

Introduction The deep ocean is the largest and most mysterious biome on Earth. It is a realm of eternal darkness, frigid temperatures, and immense, soul-crushing...

How do Earth scientists ascertain the age of a rock? Determining whether a rock is thousands, millions, or even billions of years old can be...