How Latitude Affects the Distribution of Solar Radiation If Earth were a flat surface oriented perpendicularly to the Sun, solar rays would be distributed uniformly...

Oceanic Heat Flow Near the polar regions, the majority of incoming solar radiation reaches Earth’s surface at relatively low angles, resulting in reduced energy absorption....

What Causes Earth’s Seasons? This seemingly straightforward inquiry often leads to a common misunderstanding: Although Earth follows an elliptical trajectory around the Sun that deviates...

What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide? The ocean floor harbors a wealth of potential mineral and organic assets. However, a substantial portion of these resources...

Pelagic and Neritic Deposits The marine environment is inherently complex and dynamic. Lithogenous and biogenous sediments are seldom found as entirely pure forms devoid of...

Cosmogenous sediment (cosmos = universe, generare = to produce) originates from extraterrestrial sources. Origin, Composition, and Distribution of Cosmogenous Sediment Although constituting a very small...

Hydrogenous sediment (from hydro, meaning water, and generare, meaning to produce) originates from substances that have been dissolved within aquatic environments. Origin of Hydrogenous Sediment...

Biogenous sediment (from bio, meaning life, and generare, meaning to produce)—also known as biogenic sediment—originates from the preserved hard remains of once-living organisms. Origin of...

Lithogenous sediment (from lithos meaning stone and generare meaning to produce) originates from pre-existing rock formations that are found on continental landmasses or islands. These...

The deep-ocean region extends beyond the continental margin province—which comprises the shelf, slope, and rise—and encompasses a diverse range of notable geological features. Abyssal Plains...

Introduction The deep ocean is the largest and most mysterious biome on Earth. It is a realm of eternal darkness, frigid temperatures, and immense, soul-crushing...

How do Earth scientists ascertain the age of a rock? Determining whether a rock is thousands, millions, or even billions of years old can be...