Question: 11 The Earth’s magnetic field originates from convection in which one of the following layers? Detailed Answer: The Earth’s magnetic field is primarily generated by the movement of molten iron and nickel in the outer core, through a process called the geodynamo. Let’s break down the layers and their roles: Question:12 Which one of […]
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Advantages of Photogeology Over Conventional Geological Survey / What is the importance of Photogeology? Photogeology, or aerial photo-interpretation applied to geological work, offers several advantages over conventional geological fieldwork. While there are some disadvantages, the main advantages are as follows: 1. Economy of Time Aerial surveys, though initially expensive, are extremely rapid. A single airplane
Scope of Remote Sensing in Natural Resources Survey The wealth of mankind largely depends on the application of science to the production and transformation of natural resources useful to man. In the past, this wealth was heavily dependent on agriculture and agricultural products, and in many parts of the world, it still is. However, in
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Rare Earth Elements (REE) The rare earth elements (REE) are the most useful of all trace elements, with significant applications in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic petrology. The REE comprise the series of metals with atomic numbers 57 to 71 (La to Lu). Additionally, the element Y, which has an ionic radius similar to that of
What is an Oxygen Isotope Thermometry One of the first applications of the study of oxygen isotopes to geological problems was geothermometry. Urey (1947) suggested that the enrichment of 18O in calcium carbonate relative to seawater was temperature-dependent and could be used to determine the temperature of ancient ocean waters. The idea was quickly adopted, and
Sulphur Isotopes There are four stable isotopes of sulphur: The ratio between the two most abundant isotopes, 34S/32S, is essential in geochemistry. It is expressed in parts per thousand relative to the troilite (FeS) reference standard from the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite (CDT) as follows: 34S/32S=( 34S/32S (sample) – 34S/32S (standard) ) / 34S/32S (standard)
Carbon Isotopes Carbon has two stable isotopes with the following abundances: Measurements are made relative to a standard belemnite sample known as PDB – Belemnitella americana from the Cretaceous Peedee formation, South Carolina. The original material of the PDB standard is now exhausted, and current standard materials are a carbonatite (NBS-18) and a marine limestone
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Hydrogen Isotopes There are two naturally occurring stable isotopes of hydrogen, which occur in the following proportions: Hydrogen isotopes show the largest relative mass difference between two stable isotopes. This leads to significant variations in hydrogen isotope ratios in naturally occurring materials. These isotopes are widespread in nature, present in forms like H₂O, OH⁻, H₂,
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