What are the stable isotopes of oxygen and their abundances? There are three stable isotopes of oxygen which have the following abundances: The isotope ratio 18O/16O is typically measured in oxygen isotope studies, and δ values are calculated from this ratio. There are two main isotopic standards used for these measurements: PDB and SMOW. PDB […]
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Understanding the physical and chemical controls on stable isotope fractionation is vital to a correct interpretation of measured stable isotope ratios. When the fractionation processes are well understood, the measured δ-values can be used to correctly identify the source of the element in question and the geological processes involved. In this section, we examine briefly
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What is Isotope Fractionation? Isotope fractionation is the process by which stable isotopes are separated based on their mass rather than their chemical properties. This natural process occurs in three main ways: 1. Isotopic Exchange Reactions Isotope fractionation can occur during conventional exchange reactions, such as when oxygen isotopes exchange between quartz and magnetite. The
Isotope Fractionation and Mathematical Approximations Used in Isotope Fractionation Read More »
The Asian Surfing Championship 2024 was held in Thulusdhoo, Maldives. In this competition, the Indian team, including Kamali P, Ajish Ali, Shrikant D, and Sanjay Selvamani, won the silver medal. Japan defeated India to win the gold medal. This was the third edition of the championship. This year, qualifying matches for the 2026 Asian Games
Endogenetic Force Endogenetic Force refers to the force generated from the Earth’s interior. It is responsible for the formation of various landforms through internal movements, and hence, it is also known as ‘constructive movement.’ These forces create landforms on the Earth’s surface, which are then transformed into flat plains by external forces, earning them the
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Structure of the Himalayas The Himalayas are a unique mountain range in the form of a folded mountain chain. Due to the structural complexity in different regions and areas, no single perspective can be formed about its framework and structure. However, the general characteristics of its various tectonic units can be described. Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone
ODOS A system for DAE to enhance scientific research access, the ‘One DAE One Subscription’ (ODOS) program will have an important effect on all approximately 60 affiliated units of the Department of Atomic Energy. An initiative like this that makes intake procedures more efficient will make the discovery of science easier and will contribute to
What is the definition of a planet? Planets are solid celestial bodies that revolve around a star, such as the Sun, in elliptical orbits. Composed of rock and metal, they do not emit their own light but shine by reflecting sunlight. Unlike stars, planets are closer to Earth and do not twinkle at night. They
