Chronostratigraphy Introduction Lithology (Lithostratigraphy): The stratigraphic units described in the preceding lectures are rock units distinguished by: Magnetic characteristics Fossil content (Biostratigraphy) Seismic reflection characteristics To interpret Earth’s history, stratigraphic units must be related to geologic time. The ages of rock units must be known. Chronostratigraphy: Establishing the time relationship among rock units is called […]

The characterization and correlation of rock units on the basis of their fossil content is called biostratigraphy. It is fundamentally different from a lithostratigraphic unit that is defined by the lithological properties of the rock. The concept of biostratigraphy is based on the principle that organisms have undergone successive changes throughout geologic time. Thus, any

Hydrological properties of Rocks: Hydrological properties are the characteristics of rocks and soils that affect the movement, storage, and distribution of water within the Earth’s crust. These properties include porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific retention, and storativity, which determine the capacity of geological materials to store and transmit water. POROSITY (n) The bulk volume of

Proximate analysis The most common analysis is proximate analysis. A proximate analysis is a common laboratory procedure to provide the fundamental composition of coal. It is used on coal during exploration, mining, and preparation. This analysis is also widely used for industrial purposes and for grading the coals.  Proximate analysis is a measure of the

Lithostratigraphy Definition of Lithostratigraphy Lithostratigraphy is a branch of stratigraphy focused on the recognition, subdivision, and correlation of sedimentary rocks based on their lithology. Definition of Lithology Lithology involves the study and description of the physical characteristics of rocks, including: Lithostratigraphic Units Lithostratigraphic units are bodies of sedimentary, extrusive igneous, metasedimentary, or metavolcanic rock, defined

 Introduction   The branch of geology concerned with the description, correlation, and interpretation of stratified sediments and stratified rocks on and in the Earth.  The greatest part of the uppermost zone of the earth’s bedrock is sedimentary rock, stratigraphy is an important branch of Earth science.   Of the rocks exposed on earth’s surface almost

Microscopic Constituents of Hard Coals Classification of Coals at the Macroscopic Scale The hard bituminous coals can be classified into two types: On a macroscopic basis, lithotypes classify bands of coal that are visibly discernible according to their dominant and minor maceral contents. Humic Coal What is Humic Coal? Humic coals are composed of a

What is Hydrology? Hydrology is the science that deals with the occurrence, distribution, and disposal of water on Earth, encompassing various phases of the Hydrological Cycle/ Rain Cycle / Water Cycle. What is the Hydrological Cycle/ Rain Cycle / Water Cycle? The Hydrological Cycle/ Rain Cycle / Water Cycle is a continuous water transfer cycle