Pulukuri Kottaya v. King-Emperor (1947):

The Privy Council established the fundamental principle that procedural defects in a charge are not fatal unless they have occasioned a failure of justice. The crucial test is whether the accused was, in fact, misled or prejudiced by the error or omission.

Willie (William) Slaney v. State of M.P. (1956):

The Supreme Court held that minor errors or omissions in a charge, not causing prejudice to the accused or a failure of justice, would not vitiate the trial. The focus is on substance over form, ensuring that the accused had clear notice of the case against them.

Mohan Singh v. State of Rajasthan (1996):

The Supreme Court reiterated that an omission to frame a charge, or an error in a charge, is not fatal unless it occasions a failure of justice. The Court emphasized that unless prejudice is caused to the accused, procedural irregularities in framing a charge cannot lead to the setting aside of a conviction.