We, the People of India…” These opening words are not just an introduction; they are the heartbeat of the world’s largest democracy. The Preamble serves as the identity card of the Indian Constitution, encapsulating the dreams of our freedom fighters and the legal framework of our nation. But is it legally enforceable? Whether you are […]
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What Resources Do Marine Sediments Provide? The ocean floor harbors a wealth of potential mineral and organic assets. However, a substantial portion of these resources remains difficult to access, requiring advanced technological solutions and incurring elevated costs for extraction. Despite these obstacles, several of these prospects are among the most notable targets for marine exploration.
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How are Pelagic and Neritic Deposits Distributed in the Ocean? Pelagic and neritic deposits are distributed based on water depth and proximity to land. Neritic deposits occur in shallow waters up to 200 meters on continental shelves, covering 25% of the seafloor with coarse-grained terrigenous materials from land erosion. Pelagic deposits dominate deep ocean basins
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Mountains are elevated landforms created through various geological processes over millions of years. There are four primary types of mountains based on their formation: fold mountains (formed by tectonic plate collision), block mountains (created by faulting), volcanic mountains (built from accumulated volcanic material), and residual mountains (formed through erosion). The most recent mountain-building episode, the Alpine orogeny, began 30 million years ago and created today’s highest peaks including the Himalayas, Alps, Andes, and Rockies.
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Tsunami Tsunamis are primarily caused by underwater earthquakes that displace large volumes of seawater. Other causes include submarine landslides, volcanic eruptions, and rare meteorite impacts. For an earthquake to generate a tsunami, it must occur beneath or near the ocean, have considerable magnitude (typically 6.5 or higher on the Richter scale), and cause significant seafloor
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Cosmogenous sediment (cosmos = universe, generare = to produce) originates from extraterrestrial sources. Origin, Composition, and Distribution of Cosmogenous Sediment Although constituting a very small portion of the total seafloor deposits, cosmogenous sediment represents a significant component, comprising two primary categories: microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor fragments. Microscopic spherules are tiny, rounded particles. Certain spherules
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Earthquakes are sudden releases of energy from Earth’s crust that create seismic waves, typically occurring along fault lines. These geological events are classified into five main types: tectonic, volcanic, collapse, explosion, and reservoir-induced earthquakes. Understanding earthquake mechanics, measurement scales (Richter and Mercalli), and global distribution patterns is essential for comprehending their impact on human society and infrastructure. This comprehensive guide explores earthquake science, from crustal dynamics to safety preparedness.
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Hydrogenous sediment (from hydro, meaning water, and generare, meaning to produce) originates from substances that have been dissolved within aquatic environments. Origin of Hydrogenous Sediment Seawater encompasses a vast array of dissolved components. Through various chemical reactions occurring in the marine environment, select minerals are induced to separate from the solution, forming solids through a
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Biogenous sediment (from bio, meaning life, and generare, meaning to produce)—also known as biogenic sediment—originates from the preserved hard remains of once-living organisms. Origin of Biogenous Sediment Biogenous sediment initially forms from the durable components (such as shells, bones, and teeth) of various living organisms, which range in size and complexity from microscopic algae and
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Lithogenous sediment (from lithos meaning stone and generare meaning to produce) originates from pre-existing rock formations that are found on continental landmasses or islands. These sediments form through erosional processes, volcanic discharges, or atmospheric dust transport. It is important to note that lithogenous sediment is also known as terrigenous sediment (terra = land, generare =
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