Sulphur Isotopes There are four stable isotopes of sulphur: The ratio between the two most abundant isotopes, 34S/32S, is essential in geochemistry. It is expressed in parts per thousand relative to the troilite (FeS) reference standard from the Canyon Diablo iron meteorite (CDT) as follows: 34S/32S=( 34S/32S (sample) – 34S/32S (standard) ) / 34S/32S (standard) […]
Carbon Isotopes Carbon has two stable isotopes with the following abundances: Measurements are made relative to a standard belemnite sample known as PDB – Belemnitella americana from the Cretaceous Peedee formation, South Carolina. The original material of the PDB standard is now exhausted, and current standard materials are a carbonatite (NBS-18) and a marine limestone
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Hydrogen Isotopes There are two naturally occurring stable isotopes of hydrogen, which occur in the following proportions: Hydrogen isotopes show the largest relative mass difference between two stable isotopes. This leads to significant variations in hydrogen isotope ratios in naturally occurring materials. These isotopes are widespread in nature, present in forms like H₂O, OH⁻, H₂,
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What are the stable isotopes of oxygen and their abundances? There are three stable isotopes of oxygen which have the following abundances: The isotope ratio 18O/16O is typically measured in oxygen isotope studies, and δ values are calculated from this ratio. There are two main isotopic standards used for these measurements: PDB and SMOW. PDB
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Understanding the physical and chemical controls on stable isotope fractionation is vital to a correct interpretation of measured stable isotope ratios. When the fractionation processes are well understood, the measured δ-values can be used to correctly identify the source of the element in question and the geological processes involved. In this section, we examine briefly
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What is Isotope Fractionation? Isotope fractionation is the process by which stable isotopes are separated based on their mass rather than their chemical properties. This natural process occurs in three main ways: 1. Isotopic Exchange Reactions Isotope fractionation can occur during conventional exchange reactions, such as when oxygen isotopes exchange between quartz and magnetite. The
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The Asian Surfing Championship 2024 was held in Thulusdhoo, Maldives. In this competition, the Indian team, including Kamali P, Ajish Ali, Shrikant D, and Sanjay Selvamani, won the silver medal. Japan defeated India to win the gold medal. This was the third edition of the championship. This year, qualifying matches for the 2026 Asian Games
Endogenetic Force Endogenetic Force refers to the force generated from the Earth’s interior. It is responsible for the formation of various landforms through internal movements, and hence, it is also known as ‘constructive movement.’ These forces create landforms on the Earth’s surface, which are then transformed into flat plains by external forces, earning them the
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The Himalayas represent one of Earth’s most complex mountain systems, formed through tectonic collision between Indian and Eurasian plates. This massive folded mountain chain spans 2,500 km and consists of three main divisions: Greater Himalayas (highest peaks), Lesser Himalayas (medium height ranges), and Outer Himalayas (Shivalik foothills). The structure includes five major tectonic zones from the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone in the north to the Sub-Himalayas in the south, each characterized by distinct geological formations and thrust systems.
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ODOS A system for DAE to enhance scientific research access, the ‘One DAE One Subscription’ (ODOS) program will have an important effect on all approximately 60 affiliated units of the Department of Atomic Energy. An initiative like this that makes intake procedures more efficient will make the discovery of science easier and will contribute to